The effects of face-to-face and online Hatha yoga-based mindfulness trainings on the subjective well-being and distress tolerance among housewives during the covid-19 pandemic

Abdoshahi, Maryam; Meikhoosh, Elahe; Ghorbani, Saeed

doi:10.22059/sshr.2024.371283.1123

The effects of face-to-face and online Hatha yoga-based mindfulness trainings on the subjective well-being and distress tolerance among housewives during the covid-19 pandemic

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

¹ Assistant Professor of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.

² MSc of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran

³ Department of Sport Sciences, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Islamshahr, Iran

10.22059/sshr.2024.371283.1123

Abstract

Background: Housewives build a significant part of society. They play a key role in strengthening the foundation of the family and nurturing the next generation of any country, so it is very important to pay attention to mental health of this population.
Aim: This study investigated effects of a period of Hatha yoga-based mindfulness practice on distress tolerance and subjective wellbeing of housewives.
Materials and Methods: Participants were 38 housewives between 31 to 52 years who were randomly divided into two experimental groups including face-to-face (i.e., presence on the grass, n=17) and online (via Sky room, n=21). A 6-week Hatha Yoga-based mindfulness training was held simultaneously in twelve sessions for both groups. Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) and Keyes and Magyar-Moe’s Subjective Well-being Scale were used.
Results: The results of analysis of covariance showed that all subscales of distress tolerance and subjective well-being of housewives in the face-to-face group were significantly higher than the online group. Moreover, the results of paired t-test showed that the means of post-test of all subscales of distress tolerance and subjective well-being of housewives were significantly higher than the means of pre-test. But in the online group, the means of pre-test and post-test did not differ significantly in all variables.
Conclusion: Our findings emphasize that, in order to improve metacognitive processes, yoga-based mindfulness training in online method cannot replace face-to-face method.

Keywords

References

[1] Campbell TL. “The effectiveness of family interventions for physical disorders”. J Marital Fam Ther. 2003; 29(2): 263-281. PMID: 12728782. doi: 10.1111/j.1752-0606. 2003.tb01204.x.

[2] Yoshimasu K, Oga H, Kagaya R, Kitabayashi M, Kanaya Y. “Parent-child relationships and mindfulness”. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi. Japan J Hyg. 2012; 67(1): 27-36.‏ PMID: 22449819. doi: 10.1265/jjh.67.27.

[3] James K, Rimes KA. “Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy versus pure cognitive behavioural self-help for perfectionism: A pilot randomised study”. Mindfulness. 2018; 9: 801–814. PMID: 29875882. PMCID: PMC5968046. doi: 10.1007/s12671-017-0817-8.

[4] Goldin PR, Gross JJ. “Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder”. Emotion. 2018; 10(1): 83-91. PMID: 20141305. PMCID: PMC4203918. doi: 10.1037/a0018441.

[5] Colle KFF, Vincent A, Cha SS, Loehrer LL, Bauer BA, Wahner-Roedler DL. “Measurement of quality of life and participant experience with the mindfulness-based stress reduction program”. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2010; 16(1): 36-40. PMID: 20129408. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2009.06.008.

[6] Wood AW, Gonzalez J, Barden SM. “Mindful caring: using mindfulness-based cognitive therapy with caregivers of cancer survivors”. J Psychosoc Oncol. 2015; 33(1): 66-84.‏ PMID: 25397963. doi: 10.1080/07347332.2014.977418.

[7] Piran N. “The experience of embodiment construct: Reflecting the quality of embodied lives”. Handbook of Positive Body Image & Embodiment. 2019; 11-21.‏ doi: 10.1093/med-psych/9780190841874.001.0001.

[8] Warhel AM, Athanasios P, Dinkar SH. “Effect of Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) in increasing pain tolerance and improving the mental health of injured athletes”. Front Psychol. 2018; 9(72): 78-92. PMID: 29867682. PMCID: PMC5963333. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00722.

[9] Reich RR, Lengacher CA, Alinat CB, Kip KE, Paterson C, Ramesar S, Han HS, Ismail-Khan R, Johnson-Mallard V, Moscoso M, Budhrani-Shani P. “Mindfulness-based stress reduction in post-treatment breast cancer patients: Immediate and sustained effects across multiple symptom clusters”. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2017; 53(1): 85-95.‏ PMID: 27720794. PMCID: PMC7771358. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2016.08.005.

[10] Brown TA, O’Leary TA, Barlow DH. Clinical Handbook of Psychological Disorders (ed). New York: Guilford Press. 2010.

[11] Daubenmier JJ. “The relationship of yoga, body awareness, and body responsiveness to self-objectification and disordered eating”. Psychol Women Q. 2005; 29(2): 207-219. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2005.00183.x.

[12] Mahlo L, Tiggemann M. “Yoga and positive body image: A test of the Embodiment Model”. Body Image. 2016; 18: 135-142.‏ PMID: 27434106. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.06.008.

[13] Fateh S, Zarneshan A, Ghorbanian B. “The effect of Hatha yoga training on nesfatine-1, appetite and obesity indices in overweight women”. Metabolism and Exercise. 2022 Mar 21; 12(1). doi: 10.22124/jme.2023.23946.245. [in Persian]

[14] Tayyebi A, Babahaji MA, Sadeghisherme M, Ebadi AB, Eynollahi BE. “Study of the effect of Hatha Yoga exercises on stress, anxiety and depression among hemodialysis patients”. IJCCN. 2011 Jan 1; 4(2): 67-72. [in Persian]

[15] Hajfiroozabadi M, Sahbaee F, Amiri S. “The effect of Hata yoga on mental health of women referring to yoga training centers in Tehran”. Alborz University Medical Journal. 2018 Sep 10; 7: 73-80. doi: 10.29252/aums.7.7:supplement.3-supple.73. [in Persian]

[16] Jannati S, Sohrabi M, Attarzadeh Hoseini SR. “The effect of selective Hata yoga training on balance of elderly women”. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2011; 5 (4). [in Persian]

[17] Alimohammadpour Koshki L, Zarneshan A, Fakhrpour R. “The effectiveness of physical-mental hatha yoga exercises on telomerase, cortisol and stress in middle-aged women”. Journal of Practical Studies of Biosciences in Sport. 2023 Dec 22; 11(28): 64-74. doi: 10.22077/jpsbs.2022.5243.1709. [in Persian]

[18] Evin A, Khojasteh F, Ansari H. “The effect of hatha yoga on anxiety and self-efficacy of primiparous women in labor”. Open Complement Med J. 2019; 9(1): 3546-59. [in Persian]

[19] Babaei Khorzoghi M, Maleki Vasegh M, Rasekh SA. “The effect of a course of yoga with the approach of ultimate-fit and HathaYoga exercises on static balance in middle-aged women”. Journal of Rehabilitation Research in Nursing. 2021; 7(4): 9-17. doi: 10.22034/IJRN.7.4.9. [in Persian]

[20] Diener E, Heintzelman SJ, Kushlev K, Tay L, Wirtz D, Lutes LD, Oishi S. “Findings all psychologists should know from the new science on subjective well-being”. Canadian Psychology/ Psychologie Canadienne. 2017; 58(2):87. doi: 10.1037/cap0000063.

[21] Götmann A, Bechtoldt MN. „Coping with COVID-19–Longitudinal analysis of coping strategies and the role of trait mindfulness in mental well-being”. Pers Individ Differ. 2021; 175: 110695. PMID: 33531724. PMCID: PMC7843110. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.110695.

[22] Soysa CK, Zhang F, Parmley M, Lahikainen K. “Dispositional mindfulness and serenity: Their unique relations with stress and mental well-being”. J Happiness Stud. 2021; 22(3): 1517-1536. PMID: 29387263. PMCID: PMC5770488. doi: 10.1007/s12671-017-0762-6.

[23] Zollars I, Poirier TI, Pailden J. “Effects of mindfulness meditation on mindfulness, mental well-being, and perceived stress”. Curr Pharm Teach Learn. 2019; 11(10): 1022-1028. doi: 10.1016/j.cptl.2019.06.005.

[24] Telles S, Gupta RK, Bhardwaj AK, Singh N, Mishra P, Pal DK, Balkrishna A. “Increased mental well-being and reduced state anxiety in teachers after participation in a residential yoga program”. Med Sci Monit Basic Res. 2018; 24: 105. PMID: 30061552. PMCID: PMC6083945. doi: 10.12659/MSMBR.909200.

[25] Tulloch A, Bombell H, Dean C, Tiedemann A. “Yoga-based exercise improves health-related quality of life and mental well-being in older people: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials”. Age Ageing. 2018; 47(4): 537-544. PMID: 29584813. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afy044.

[26] Howell AJ, Digdon NL, Buro K, Sheptycki AR. “Relations among mindfulness, well-being, and sleep”. Pers Individ Differ. 2008; 45(8): 773-777. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2008.08.005.

[27] Dumbala S, Bhargav H, Satyanarayana V, Arasappa R, Varambally S, Desai G, Bangalore GN. “Effect of yoga on psychological distress among women receiving treatment for infertility”. Int J Yoga. 2020; 13(2): 115. PMID: 32669765. PMCID: PMC7336944. doi: 10.4103/ijoy.IJOY_34_19.

[28] Fong TC, Ho RT. “Mindfulness facets predict quality of life and sleep disturbance via physical and emotional distresses in Chinese cancer patients: A moderated mediation analysis”. Psychooncol. 2020; 29(5): 894-901. PMID: 32065693. doi: 10.1002/pon.5363.

[29] Ford CG, Shook NJ. “Negative cognitive bias and perceived stress: independent mediators of the relation between mindfulness and emotional distress”. Mindfulness. 2019; 10(1): 100-110. doi: 10.1007/s12671-018-0955-7.

[30] Miller R, Lambert J. “Effects of face-to-face and online yoga instruction on anxiety and flexibility”. Scientific Journal of Sport and Performance. 2023 Jan 17; 2(2): 119-31. doi: 10.55860/VWDQ3051.

[31] Callahan CE, Beisecker L, Zeller S, Donnelly KZ. “LoveYourBrain mindset: feasibility, acceptability, usability, and effectiveness of an online yoga, mindfulness, and psychoeducation intervention for people with traumatic brain injury”. Brain Injury. 2023 Apr 16; 37(5): 373-82. doi: 10.1080/02699052.2023.2168062.

[32] Simons JS, Gaher RM. “The distress tolerance scale: Development and validation of a self-report measure. Motiv Emot. 2005; 29(2): 83-102. doi: 10.1007/s11031-005-7955-3.

[33] Mahmoudpour A, Shariatmadar A, Borjali A, Shafiabadi A. “Psychometric properties of the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) in the elderly. Quarterly of Educational Measurement. 2022; 12(46): 49-64. doi: 10.22054/jem.2022.65915.3341. [in Persian]

[34] Keyes CL, Magyar-Moe JL. “The measurement and utility of adult subjective well-being”. Handbook of Models and Measure. Edited by Lopez SJL and Snyder R. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 2003. doi: 10.1037/10612-026.

[35] Hashemian K, Pourshahriar M, Bani Jamali S, Golestani Bakht T. “Study of subjective well-being and happiness based on demographic characters in Tehran population”. Psychological Studies. 2007; 3(9): 11-20. [in Persian]

[36] Cagas JY. “Physiological and psychological responses to different yoga styles”. Yoga Mimamsa. 2018 Jul 1; 50(2): 53-9. doi: 10.4103/ym.ym_15_18.

[37] Hoppes K. “The application of mindfulness-based cognitive interventions in the treatment of co-occurring addictive and mood disorders”. CNS Spectr. 2006; 11(11): 829-851. PMID: 17075556. doi: 10.1017/s1092852900014991.

[38] Bernier M, Thienot E, Codron R, Fournier JF. “Mindfulness and acceptance approaches in sport performance”. J Clin Sport Psychol. 2009; 3(4): 320-333. doi: 10.1123/jcsp.3.4.320.

[39] Fetzner MG, Peluso DL, Asmundson GJ. “Tolerating distress after trauma: Differential associations between distress tolerance and posttraumatic stress symptoms”. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2014; 36(3): 475-484. doi: 10.1007/s10862-014-9413-6.

[40] Williams AD, Thompson J, Andrews G. “The impact of psychological distress tolerance in the treatment of depression”. Behav Res Ther. 2013; 51(8): 469-475. PMID: 23787227. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2013.05.005.

[41] Ryan RM, Deci EL. “On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being”. Annu Rev Psychol. 2001; 52(1): 141-166.‏ doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141.

[42] Bansal R, Gupta M, Agarwal B, Sharma S. “Impact of short-term yoga intervention on mental wellbeing of medical students posted in community medicine: A pilot study”. Indian J Community Med. 2013; 38(2): 105. PMID: 23878424. PMCID: PMC3714937. doi: 10.4103/0970-0218.112445.

[43] Bohlmeijer E, Prenger R, Taal E, Cuijpers P. “The effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy on mental health of adults with a chronic medical disease: A meta-analysis”. J Psychosom Res. 2010; 68(6): 539-544. PMID: 20488270. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.10.005.

[44] Mir, F., Abdoshahi, M., Shamsipour Dehkordi, P. “The effect of a mindfulness-based yoga training course on the mental toughness of athletes with different skill levels”. The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2022; 10(6): 1214-1227. doi: 10.32598/SJRM.10.6.7. [in Persian]

[45] Mir F, Abdoshahi M, Shamsipour P. “The effect of mindfulness-based yoga exercises on resilience and anger control of female student-athletes”. Sports Psychology, 2023; 1401(2). doi: 10.29252/mbsp.2021.210420.0. [in Persian].

Article View: 121
PDF Download: 104

The effects of face-to-face and online Hatha yoga-based mindfulness trainings on the subjective well-being and distress tolerance among housewives during the covid-19 pandemic

References

[1] Campbell TL. “The effectiveness of family interventions for physical disorders”. J Marital Fam Ther. 2003; 29(2): 263-281. PMID: 12728782. doi: 10.1111/j.1752-0606. 2003.tb01204.x.

[2] Yoshimasu K, Oga H, Kagaya R, Kitabayashi M, Kanaya Y. “Parent-child relationships and mindfulness”. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi. Japan J Hyg. 2012; 67(1): 27-36.‏ PMID: 22449819. doi: 10.1265/jjh.67.27.

[3] James K, Rimes KA. “Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy versus pure cognitive behavioural self-help for perfectionism: A pilot randomised study”. Mindfulness. 2018; 9: 801–814. PMID: 29875882. PMCID: PMC5968046. doi: 10.1007/s12671-017-0817-8.

[4] Goldin PR, Gross JJ. “Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder”. Emotion. 2018; 10(1): 83-91. PMID: 20141305. PMCID: PMC4203918. doi: 10.1037/a0018441.

[5] Colle KFF, Vincent A, Cha SS, Loehrer LL, Bauer BA, Wahner-Roedler DL. “Measurement of quality of life and participant experience with the mindfulness-based stress reduction program”. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2010; 16(1): 36-40. PMID: 20129408. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2009.06.008.

[6] Wood AW, Gonzalez J, Barden SM. “Mindful caring: using mindfulness-based cognitive therapy with caregivers of cancer survivors”. J Psychosoc Oncol. 2015; 33(1): 66-84.‏ PMID: 25397963. doi: 10.1080/07347332.2014.977418.

[7] Piran N. “The experience of embodiment construct: Reflecting the quality of embodied lives”. Handbook of Positive Body Image & Embodiment. 2019; 11-21.‏ doi: 10.1093/med-psych/9780190841874.001.0001.

[8] Warhel AM, Athanasios P, Dinkar SH. “Effect of Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) in increasing pain tolerance and improving the mental health of injured athletes”. Front Psychol. 2018; 9(72): 78-92. PMID: 29867682. PMCID: PMC5963333. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00722.

[10] Brown TA, O’Leary TA, Barlow DH. Clinical Handbook of Psychological Disorders (ed). New York: Guilford Press. 2010.

[11] Daubenmier JJ. “The relationship of yoga, body awareness, and body responsiveness to self-objectification and disordered eating”. Psychol Women Q. 2005; 29(2): 207-219. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2005.00183.x.

[12] Mahlo L, Tiggemann M. “Yoga and positive body image: A test of the Embodiment Model”. Body Image. 2016; 18: 135-142.‏ PMID: 27434106. doi: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.06.008.

[13] Fateh S, Zarneshan A, Ghorbanian B. “The effect of Hatha yoga training on nesfatine-1, appetite and obesity indices in overweight women”. Metabolism and Exercise. 2022 Mar 21; 12(1). doi: 10.22124/jme.2023.23946.245. [in Persian]

[14] Tayyebi A, Babahaji MA, Sadeghisherme M, Ebadi AB, Eynollahi BE. “Study of the effect of Hatha Yoga exercises on stress, anxiety and depression among hemodialysis patients”. IJCCN. 2011 Jan 1; 4(2): 67-72. [in Persian]

[15] Hajfiroozabadi M, Sahbaee F, Amiri S. “The effect of Hata yoga on mental health of women referring to yoga training centers in Tehran”. Alborz University Medical Journal. 2018 Sep 10; 7: 73-80. doi: 10.29252/aums.7.7:supplement.3-supple.73. [in Persian]

[16] Jannati S, Sohrabi M, Attarzadeh Hoseini SR. “The effect of selective Hata yoga training on balance of elderly women”. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2011; 5 (4). [in Persian]

[18] Evin A, Khojasteh F, Ansari H. “The effect of hatha yoga on anxiety and self-efficacy of primiparous women in labor”. Open Complement Med J. 2019; 9(1): 3546-59. [in Persian]

[19] Babaei Khorzoghi M, Maleki Vasegh M, Rasekh SA. “The effect of a course of yoga with the approach of ultimate-fit and HathaYoga exercises on static balance in middle-aged women”. Journal of Rehabilitation Research in Nursing. 2021; 7(4): 9-17. doi: 10.22034/IJRN.7.4.9. [in Persian]

[20] Diener E, Heintzelman SJ, Kushlev K, Tay L, Wirtz D, Lutes LD, Oishi S. “Findings all psychologists should know from the new science on subjective well-being”. Canadian Psychology/ Psychologie Canadienne. 2017; 58(2):87. doi: 10.1037/cap0000063.

[21] Götmann A, Bechtoldt MN. „Coping with COVID-19–Longitudinal analysis of coping strategies and the role of trait mindfulness in mental well-being”. Pers Individ Differ. 2021; 175: 110695. PMID: 33531724. PMCID: PMC7843110. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.110695.

[22] Soysa CK, Zhang F, Parmley M, Lahikainen K. “Dispositional mindfulness and serenity: Their unique relations with stress and mental well-being”. J Happiness Stud. 2021; 22(3): 1517-1536. PMID: 29387263. PMCID: PMC5770488. doi: 10.1007/s12671-017-0762-6.

[23] Zollars I, Poirier TI, Pailden J. “Effects of mindfulness meditation on mindfulness, mental well-being, and perceived stress”. Curr Pharm Teach Learn. 2019; 11(10): 1022-1028. doi: 10.1016/j.cptl.2019.06.005.

[25] Tulloch A, Bombell H, Dean C, Tiedemann A. “Yoga-based exercise improves health-related quality of life and mental well-being in older people: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials”. Age Ageing. 2018; 47(4): 537-544. PMID: 29584813. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afy044.

[26] Howell AJ, Digdon NL, Buro K, Sheptycki AR. “Relations among mindfulness, well-being, and sleep”. Pers Individ Differ. 2008; 45(8): 773-777. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2008.08.005.

[27] Dumbala S, Bhargav H, Satyanarayana V, Arasappa R, Varambally S, Desai G, Bangalore GN. “Effect of yoga on psychological distress among women receiving treatment for infertility”. Int J Yoga. 2020; 13(2): 115. PMID: 32669765. PMCID: PMC7336944. doi: 10.4103/ijoy.IJOY_34_19.

[28] Fong TC, Ho RT. “Mindfulness facets predict quality of life and sleep disturbance via physical and emotional distresses in Chinese cancer patients: A moderated mediation analysis”. Psychooncol. 2020; 29(5): 894-901. PMID: 32065693. doi: 10.1002/pon.5363.

[29] Ford CG, Shook NJ. “Negative cognitive bias and perceived stress: independent mediators of the relation between mindfulness and emotional distress”. Mindfulness. 2019; 10(1): 100-110. doi: 10.1007/s12671-018-0955-7.

[30] Miller R, Lambert J. “Effects of face-to-face and online yoga instruction on anxiety and flexibility”. Scientific Journal of Sport and Performance. 2023 Jan 17; 2(2): 119-31. doi: 10.55860/VWDQ3051.

[32] Simons JS, Gaher RM. “The distress tolerance scale: Development and validation of a self-report measure. Motiv Emot. 2005; 29(2): 83-102. doi: 10.1007/s11031-005-7955-3.

[33] Mahmoudpour A, Shariatmadar A, Borjali A, Shafiabadi A. “Psychometric properties of the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) in the elderly. Quarterly of Educational Measurement. 2022; 12(46): 49-64. doi: 10.22054/jem.2022.65915.3341. [in Persian]

[34] Keyes CL, Magyar-Moe JL. “The measurement and utility of adult subjective well-being”. Handbook of Models and Measure. Edited by Lopez SJL and Snyder R. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 2003. doi: 10.1037/10612-026.

[35] Hashemian K, Pourshahriar M, Bani Jamali S, Golestani Bakht T. “Study of subjective well-being and happiness based on demographic characters in Tehran population”. Psychological Studies. 2007; 3(9): 11-20. [in Persian]

[36] Cagas JY. “Physiological and psychological responses to different yoga styles”. Yoga Mimamsa. 2018 Jul 1; 50(2): 53-9. doi: 10.4103/ym.ym_15_18.

[37] Hoppes K. “The application of mindfulness-based cognitive interventions in the treatment of co-occurring addictive and mood disorders”. CNS Spectr. 2006; 11(11): 829-851. PMID: 17075556. doi: 10.1017/s1092852900014991.

[38] Bernier M, Thienot E, Codron R, Fournier JF. “Mindfulness and acceptance approaches in sport performance”. J Clin Sport Psychol. 2009; 3(4): 320-333. doi: 10.1123/jcsp.3.4.320.

[39] Fetzner MG, Peluso DL, Asmundson GJ. “Tolerating distress after trauma: Differential associations between distress tolerance and posttraumatic stress symptoms”. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2014; 36(3): 475-484. doi: 10.1007/s10862-014-9413-6.

[40] Williams AD, Thompson J, Andrews G. “The impact of psychological distress tolerance in the treatment of depression”. Behav Res Ther. 2013; 51(8): 469-475. PMID: 23787227. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2013.05.005.

[41] Ryan RM, Deci EL. “On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being”. Annu Rev Psychol. 2001; 52(1): 141-166.‏ doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141.

[42] Bansal R, Gupta M, Agarwal B, Sharma S. “Impact of short-term yoga intervention on mental wellbeing of medical students posted in community medicine: A pilot study”. Indian J Community Med. 2013; 38(2): 105. PMID: 23878424. PMCID: PMC3714937. doi: 10.4103/0970-0218.112445.

[43] Bohlmeijer E, Prenger R, Taal E, Cuijpers P. “The effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy on mental health of adults with a chronic medical disease: A meta-analysis”. J Psychosom Res. 2010; 68(6): 539-544. PMID: 20488270. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.10.005.

[44] Mir, F., Abdoshahi, M., Shamsipour Dehkordi, P. “The effect of a mindfulness-based yoga training course on the mental toughness of athletes with different skill levels”. The Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2022; 10(6): 1214-1227. doi: 10.32598/SJRM.10.6.7. [in Persian]

[45] Mir F, Abdoshahi M, Shamsipour P. “The effect of mindfulness-based yoga exercises on resilience and anger control of female student-athletes”. Sports Psychology, 2023; 1401(2). doi: 10.29252/mbsp.2021.210420.0. [in Persian].

Volume 15, Issue 2July 2023Pages 241-253

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics

Volume 15, Issue 2
July 2023
Pages 241-253