The effect of perturbation training on volleyball players' strength, proprioception and performance

Soltanabadi, Ebrahim; Hadadnezhad, Maliheh; Khaleghi, Mehdi

doi:10.22059/sshr.2023.359173.1090

The effect of perturbation training on volleyball players' strength, proprioception and performance

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

¹ Sport Injury and Corrective Exercise, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Kharazmi, Tehran, Iran

² Sport Injury and Corrective Exercise, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Kharazmi, Tehran, Iran.

³ Sport Biomechanics, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Kharazmi, Tehran, Iran.

10.22059/sshr.2023.359173.1090

Abstract

Background: Perturbation training which is in the context of volleyball routine practice is a type of neuromuscular exercises that is useful in overhead sports; leads to contraction responses through unpredictable perturbation.
Aim: The present study aims to investigate the effects of perturbation training on volleyball players strength proprioception and performance.
Materials and Methods: Twenty-four volunteer male volleyball players (age: 24.42±2.15 years; height: 181.46±3.00m; Weight: 73.87±3.77kg; BMI: 22.43±0.80) were recruited and randomly assigned into perturbation and control groups, Before the intervention, a set of isokinetic dynamometry was carried out to measure shoulder proprioception as well as rotator cuff muscles strength, what is more, the upper extremity performance was evaluated using Y-Balance Test. For a course of 6 weeks, players of the perturbation group implemented perturbation trainings, 3 times weekly while the control group performed its routine training. The dynamometry was repeated at the end of training period to compare trainings outcome. The Repeated Measures ANOVA statistic was used to find differences between groups.
Results: A significant difference in shoulder proprioception, as well as the YBT-UQ test, was observed between the groups; Also, the ANOVA showed a significant difference (P<0.05) in functional strength ratio followed by 6 weeks of perturbation training.
Conclusion: Perturbation trainings might have benefit to volleyball players conditioning by improvement rotator cuff strength, shoulder proprioception and upper extremity performance. Given this adopting kind of training as a part of regular basic training for volleyball players is highly recommended.

Keywords

References

[1] Bere T, Kruczynski J, Veintimilla N, Hamu Y, Bahr R. "Injury risk is low among world-class volleyball players: 4-year data from the FIVB Injury Surveillance System". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2015; 49(17): 1132-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094959.

[2] Reeser JC, Joy EA, Porucznik CA, Berg RL, Colliver EB, Willick SE. "Risk factors for volleyball-related shoulder pain and dysfunction". Pm&r. 2010; 2(1): 27-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2009.11.010.

[3] Grabara M. "Comparison of posture among adolescent male volleyball players and non-athletes". Biology of Sport. 2015; 32(1): 79-85. https://dx.doi.org/10.5604%2F20831862.1127286.

[4] Seminati E, Minetti AE. "Overuse in volleyball training/practice: A review on shoulder and spine-related injuries". European Journal of Sport Science. 2013; 13(6): 732-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2013.773090.

[5] Dick R, Sauers EL, Agel J, Keuter G, Marshall SW, McCarty K, et al. "Descriptive epidemiology of collegiate men's baseball injuries: National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System, 1988–1989 through 2003–2004". Journal of Athletic Training. 2007; 42(2): 183. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc1941283/.

[6] Cools AM, Reeser JC. "Shoulder injuries in volleyball". Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science: Volleyball. 2017: 93-108.

[7] Finch C. "A new framework for research leading to sports injury prevention". Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2006; 9(1-2): 3-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2006.02.009.

[8] Vincent HK, Zdziarski LA, Vincent KR. "Review of lacrosse-related musculoskeletal injuries in high school and collegiate players". Sports Health. 2015; 7(5): 448-51. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738114552990.

[9] James LP, Kelly VG, Beckman EM. "Injury risk management plan for volleyball athletes". Sports Medicine. 2014; 44: 1185-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0203-9.

[10] Carpenter JE, Blasier RB, Pellizzon GG. "The effects of muscle fatigue on shoulder joint position sense". The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1998; 26(2): 262-5. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465980260021701.

[11] Janwantanakul P, Magarey ME, Jones MA, Dansie BR. "Variation in shoulder position sense at mid and extreme range of motion". Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2001; 82(6): 840-4. https://doi.org/10.1053/apmr.2001.21865.

[12] Saeterbakken AH, Andersen V, Behm DG, Krohn-Hansen EK, Smaamo M, Fimland MS. "Resistance-training exercises with different stability requirements: time course of task specificity". European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2016; 116: 2247-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-016-3470-3.

[13] Burne G, Tack C. "Overhead perturbation training". Strength & Conditioning Journal. 2017; 39(3): 87-93. doi: 10.1519/SSC.0000000000000280.

[14] Wilk KE, Arrigo CA, Hooks TR, Andrews JR. "Rehabilitation of the overhead throwing athlete: there is more to it than just external rotation/ internal rotation strengthening". Pm&r. 2016; 8(3): S78-S90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.12.005.

[15] Myers JB, Lephart SM. "The role of the sensorimotor system in the athletic shoulder". Journal of Athletic Training. 2000; 35(3): 351. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc1323397/.

[16] Lagniaux F, Juin G, Rambaud A, Thoreux P. "Reference values for the closed kinetic chain upper extremity stability test for elite handball players". International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy. 2019; 14(6). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2953295/.

[17] Salles JI, Velasques B, Cossich V, Nicoliche E, Ribeiro P, Amaral MV, et al. "Strength training and shoulder proprioception". Journal of Athletic Training. 2015; 50(3): 277-80. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.84.

[18] Wang H-K, Macfarlane A, Cochrane T. "Isokinetic performance and shoulder mobility in elite volleyball athletes from the United Kingdom". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2000; 34(1): 39-43. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1724158/.

[19] Niederbracht Y, Shim AL, Sloniger MA, Paternostro-Bayles M, Short TH. "Effects of a shoulder injury prevention strength training program on eccentric external rotator muscle strength and glenohumeral joint imbalance in female overhead activity athletes". The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2008; 22(1): 140-5. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e31815f5634.

[20] Gorman PP, Butler RJ, Plisky PJ, Kiesel KB. "Upper quarter Y balance test: Reliability and performance comparison between genders in active adults". The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2012; 26(11): 3043-8. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182472fdb.

[21] Wilson GJ, Murphy AJ, Giorgi A. "Weight and plyometric training: Effects on eccentric and concentric force production". Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology. 1996; 21(4): 301-15. https://doi.org/10.1139/h96-026.

[22] Newton RU, Rogers RA, Volek JS, Häkkinen K, Kraemer WJ. "Four weeks of optimal load ballistic resistance training at the end of season attenuates declining jump performance of women volleyball players". The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2006; 20(4): 955-61. https://doi.org/10.1519/r-5050502x.1.

[23] Malatesta D, Cattaneo F, Dugnani S, Maffiuletti NA. "Effects of electromyostimulation training and volleyball practice on jumping ability". The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2003; 17(3): 573-9. .https://doi.org/10.1519/1533-4287(2003)017%3C0573:eoetav%3E2.0.co;2.

[24] Cardinale M, Lim J. "Electromyography activity of vastus lateralis muscle during whole-body vibrations of different frequencies". The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2003; 17(3): 621-4. PMID: 12930196.

[25] De Villarreal ES-S, Requena B, Newton RU. "Does plyometric training improve strength performance? A meta-analysis". Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2010; 13(5): 513-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2009.08.005.

[26] Davies GJ, Ellenbecker TS, Andrews J, Harrelson G, Wilk K. "Application of isokinetics in testing and rehabilitation". Physical Rehabilitation of the Injured Athlete. 2004; 4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16558647.

[27] Guido Jr JA, Stemm J. "Reactive neuromuscular training: A multi-level approach to rehabilitation of the unstable shoulder". North American Journal of Sports Physical Therapy. 2007; 2(2): 97. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21522207.

[28] Cluff T, Crevecoeur F, Scott SH. "A perspective on multisensory integration and rapid perturbation responses". Vision Research. 2015; 110: 215-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2014.06.011.

[29] Başkurt Z, Başkurt F, Gelecek N, Özkan MH. "The effectiveness of scapular stabilization exercise in the patients with subacromial impingement syndrome". Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation. 2011; 24(3): 173-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21849731/.

[30] Salles JI, Guimarães J, Filho G, Morrissey D. "Effect of a specific exercise strategy on strength and proprioception in volleyball players with infraspinatus muscle atrophy". Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2018; 28(9): 2093-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29772095/#article-details.

[31] Swanik KA, Lephart SM, Swanik CB, Lephart SP, Stone DA, Fu FH. "The effects of shoulder plyometric training on proprioception and selected muscle performance characteristics". Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2002; 11(6): 579-86. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12469083/.

[32] Fathi A, Hammami R, Moran J, Borji R, Sahli S, Rebai H. "Effect of a 16-week combined strength and plyometric training program followed by a detraining period on athletic performance in pubertal volleyball players". The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2019; 33(8): 2117-27.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29401199/.

[33] Ignjatovic AM, Markovic ZM, Radovanovic DS. "Effects of 12-week medicine ball training on muscle strength and power in young female handball players". The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2012; 26(8): 2166-73. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22027860/.

[34] Diedrichsen J, Shadmehr R, Ivry RB. "The coordination of movement: Optimal feedback control and beyond". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2010; 14(1): 31-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20005767/.

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The effect of perturbation training on volleyball players' strength, proprioception and performance

References

[1] Bere T, Kruczynski J, Veintimilla N, Hamu Y, Bahr R. "Injury risk is low among world-class volleyball players: 4-year data from the FIVB Injury Surveillance System". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2015; 49(17): 1132-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094959.

[2] Reeser JC, Joy EA, Porucznik CA, Berg RL, Colliver EB, Willick SE. "Risk factors for volleyball-related shoulder pain and dysfunction". Pm&r. 2010; 2(1): 27-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2009.11.010.

[3] Grabara M. "Comparison of posture among adolescent male volleyball players and non-athletes". Biology of Sport. 2015; 32(1): 79-85. https://dx.doi.org/10.5604%2F20831862.1127286.

[4] Seminati E, Minetti AE. "Overuse in volleyball training/practice: A review on shoulder and spine-related injuries". European Journal of Sport Science. 2013; 13(6): 732-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2013.773090.

[6] Cools AM, Reeser JC. "Shoulder injuries in volleyball". Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science: Volleyball. 2017: 93-108.

[7] Finch C. "A new framework for research leading to sports injury prevention". Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2006; 9(1-2): 3-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2006.02.009.

[8] Vincent HK, Zdziarski LA, Vincent KR. "Review of lacrosse-related musculoskeletal injuries in high school and collegiate players". Sports Health. 2015; 7(5): 448-51. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738114552990.

[9] James LP, Kelly VG, Beckman EM. "Injury risk management plan for volleyball athletes". Sports Medicine. 2014; 44: 1185-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0203-9.

[10] Carpenter JE, Blasier RB, Pellizzon GG. "The effects of muscle fatigue on shoulder joint position sense". The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1998; 26(2): 262-5. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465980260021701.

[11] Janwantanakul P, Magarey ME, Jones MA, Dansie BR. "Variation in shoulder position sense at mid and extreme range of motion". Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2001; 82(6): 840-4. https://doi.org/10.1053/apmr.2001.21865.

[12] Saeterbakken AH, Andersen V, Behm DG, Krohn-Hansen EK, Smaamo M, Fimland MS. "Resistance-training exercises with different stability requirements: time course of task specificity". European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2016; 116: 2247-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-016-3470-3.

[13] Burne G, Tack C. "Overhead perturbation training". Strength & Conditioning Journal. 2017; 39(3): 87-93. doi: 10.1519/SSC.0000000000000280.

[14] Wilk KE, Arrigo CA, Hooks TR, Andrews JR. "Rehabilitation of the overhead throwing athlete: there is more to it than just external rotation/ internal rotation strengthening". Pm&r. 2016; 8(3): S78-S90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.12.005.

[15] Myers JB, Lephart SM. "The role of the sensorimotor system in the athletic shoulder". Journal of Athletic Training. 2000; 35(3): 351. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc1323397/.

[16] Lagniaux F, Juin G, Rambaud A, Thoreux P. "Reference values for the closed kinetic chain upper extremity stability test for elite handball players". International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy. 2019; 14(6). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2953295/.

[17] Salles JI, Velasques B, Cossich V, Nicoliche E, Ribeiro P, Amaral MV, et al. "Strength training and shoulder proprioception". Journal of Athletic Training. 2015; 50(3): 277-80. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.84.

[18] Wang H-K, Macfarlane A, Cochrane T. "Isokinetic performance and shoulder mobility in elite volleyball athletes from the United Kingdom". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2000; 34(1): 39-43. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1724158/.

[20] Gorman PP, Butler RJ, Plisky PJ, Kiesel KB. "Upper quarter Y balance test: Reliability and performance comparison between genders in active adults". The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2012; 26(11): 3043-8. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182472fdb.

[21] Wilson GJ, Murphy AJ, Giorgi A. "Weight and plyometric training: Effects on eccentric and concentric force production". Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology. 1996; 21(4): 301-15. https://doi.org/10.1139/h96-026.

[23] Malatesta D, Cattaneo F, Dugnani S, Maffiuletti NA. "Effects of electromyostimulation training and volleyball practice on jumping ability". The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2003; 17(3): 573-9. .https://doi.org/10.1519/1533-4287(2003)017%3C0573:eoetav%3E2.0.co;2.

[24] Cardinale M, Lim J. "Electromyography activity of vastus lateralis muscle during whole-body vibrations of different frequencies". The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2003; 17(3): 621-4. PMID: 12930196.

[25] De Villarreal ES-S, Requena B, Newton RU. "Does plyometric training improve strength performance? A meta-analysis". Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2010; 13(5): 513-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2009.08.005.

[26] Davies GJ, Ellenbecker TS, Andrews J, Harrelson G, Wilk K. "Application of isokinetics in testing and rehabilitation". Physical Rehabilitation of the Injured Athlete. 2004; 4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16558647.

[27] Guido Jr JA, Stemm J. "Reactive neuromuscular training: A multi-level approach to rehabilitation of the unstable shoulder". North American Journal of Sports Physical Therapy. 2007; 2(2): 97. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21522207.

[28] Cluff T, Crevecoeur F, Scott SH. "A perspective on multisensory integration and rapid perturbation responses". Vision Research. 2015; 110: 215-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2014.06.011.

[29] Başkurt Z, Başkurt F, Gelecek N, Özkan MH. "The effectiveness of scapular stabilization exercise in the patients with subacromial impingement syndrome". Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation. 2011; 24(3): 173-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21849731/.

[31] Swanik KA, Lephart SM, Swanik CB, Lephart SP, Stone DA, Fu FH. "The effects of shoulder plyometric training on proprioception and selected muscle performance characteristics". Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2002; 11(6): 579-86. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12469083/.

[33] Ignjatovic AM, Markovic ZM, Radovanovic DS. "Effects of 12-week medicine ball training on muscle strength and power in young female handball players". The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2012; 26(8): 2166-73. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22027860/.

[34] Diedrichsen J, Shadmehr R, Ivry RB. "The coordination of movement: Optimal feedback control and beyond". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2010; 14(1): 31-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20005767/.

Volume 15, Issue 1
January 2023
Pages 23-33

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The effect of perturbation training on volleyball players' strength, proprioception and performance

References

[1] Bere T, Kruczynski J, Veintimilla N, Hamu Y, Bahr R. "Injury risk is low among world-class volleyball players: 4-year data from the FIVB Injury Surveillance System". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2015; 49(17): 1132-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094959.

[2] Reeser JC, Joy EA, Porucznik CA, Berg RL, Colliver EB, Willick SE. "Risk factors for volleyball-related shoulder pain and dysfunction". Pm&r. 2010; 2(1): 27-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2009.11.010.

[3] Grabara M. "Comparison of posture among adolescent male volleyball players and non-athletes". Biology of Sport. 2015; 32(1): 79-85. https://dx.doi.org/10.5604%2F20831862.1127286.

[4] Seminati E, Minetti AE. "Overuse in volleyball training/practice: A review on shoulder and spine-related injuries". European Journal of Sport Science. 2013; 13(6): 732-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2013.773090.

[6] Cools AM, Reeser JC. "Shoulder injuries in volleyball". Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science: Volleyball. 2017: 93-108.

[7] Finch C. "A new framework for research leading to sports injury prevention". Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2006; 9(1-2): 3-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2006.02.009.

[8] Vincent HK, Zdziarski LA, Vincent KR. "Review of lacrosse-related musculoskeletal injuries in high school and collegiate players". Sports Health. 2015; 7(5): 448-51. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738114552990.

[9] James LP, Kelly VG, Beckman EM. "Injury risk management plan for volleyball athletes". Sports Medicine. 2014; 44: 1185-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0203-9.

[10] Carpenter JE, Blasier RB, Pellizzon GG. "The effects of muscle fatigue on shoulder joint position sense". The American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1998; 26(2): 262-5. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465980260021701.

[11] Janwantanakul P, Magarey ME, Jones MA, Dansie BR. "Variation in shoulder position sense at mid and extreme range of motion". Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2001; 82(6): 840-4. https://doi.org/10.1053/apmr.2001.21865.

[12] Saeterbakken AH, Andersen V, Behm DG, Krohn-Hansen EK, Smaamo M, Fimland MS. "Resistance-training exercises with different stability requirements: time course of task specificity". European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2016; 116: 2247-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-016-3470-3.

[13] Burne G, Tack C. "Overhead perturbation training". Strength & Conditioning Journal. 2017; 39(3): 87-93. doi: 10.1519/SSC.0000000000000280.

[14] Wilk KE, Arrigo CA, Hooks TR, Andrews JR. "Rehabilitation of the overhead throwing athlete: there is more to it than just external rotation/ internal rotation strengthening". Pm&r. 2016; 8(3): S78-S90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.12.005.

[15] Myers JB, Lephart SM. "The role of the sensorimotor system in the athletic shoulder". Journal of Athletic Training. 2000; 35(3): 351. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc1323397/.

[16] Lagniaux F, Juin G, Rambaud A, Thoreux P. "Reference values for the closed kinetic chain upper extremity stability test for elite handball players". International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy. 2019; 14(6). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2953295/.

[17] Salles JI, Velasques B, Cossich V, Nicoliche E, Ribeiro P, Amaral MV, et al. "Strength training and shoulder proprioception". Journal of Athletic Training. 2015; 50(3): 277-80. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.84.

[18] Wang H-K, Macfarlane A, Cochrane T. "Isokinetic performance and shoulder mobility in elite volleyball athletes from the United Kingdom". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2000; 34(1): 39-43. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1724158/.

[20] Gorman PP, Butler RJ, Plisky PJ, Kiesel KB. "Upper quarter Y balance test: Reliability and performance comparison between genders in active adults". The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2012; 26(11): 3043-8. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182472fdb.

[21] Wilson GJ, Murphy AJ, Giorgi A. "Weight and plyometric training: Effects on eccentric and concentric force production". Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology. 1996; 21(4): 301-15. https://doi.org/10.1139/h96-026.

[23] Malatesta D, Cattaneo F, Dugnani S, Maffiuletti NA. "Effects of electromyostimulation training and volleyball practice on jumping ability". The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2003; 17(3): 573-9. .https://doi.org/10.1519/1533-4287(2003)017%3C0573:eoetav%3E2.0.co;2.

[24] Cardinale M, Lim J. "Electromyography activity of vastus lateralis muscle during whole-body vibrations of different frequencies". The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2003; 17(3): 621-4. PMID: 12930196.

[25] De Villarreal ES-S, Requena B, Newton RU. "Does plyometric training improve strength performance? A meta-analysis". Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2010; 13(5): 513-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2009.08.005.

[26] Davies GJ, Ellenbecker TS, Andrews J, Harrelson G, Wilk K. "Application of isokinetics in testing and rehabilitation". Physical Rehabilitation of the Injured Athlete. 2004; 4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16558647.

[27] Guido Jr JA, Stemm J. "Reactive neuromuscular training: A multi-level approach to rehabilitation of the unstable shoulder". North American Journal of Sports Physical Therapy. 2007; 2(2): 97. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21522207.

[28] Cluff T, Crevecoeur F, Scott SH. "A perspective on multisensory integration and rapid perturbation responses". Vision Research. 2015; 110: 215-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2014.06.011.

[29] Başkurt Z, Başkurt F, Gelecek N, Özkan MH. "The effectiveness of scapular stabilization exercise in the patients with subacromial impingement syndrome". Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation. 2011; 24(3): 173-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21849731/.

[31] Swanik KA, Lephart SM, Swanik CB, Lephart SP, Stone DA, Fu FH. "The effects of shoulder plyometric training on proprioception and selected muscle performance characteristics". Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2002; 11(6): 579-86. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12469083/.

[33] Ignjatovic AM, Markovic ZM, Radovanovic DS. "Effects of 12-week medicine ball training on muscle strength and power in young female handball players". The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2012; 26(8): 2166-73. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22027860/.

[34] Diedrichsen J, Shadmehr R, Ivry RB. "The coordination of movement: Optimal feedback control and beyond". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2010; 14(1): 31-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20005767/.

Volume 15, Issue 1January 2023Pages 23-33

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Volume 15, Issue 1
January 2023
Pages 23-33