The effect of aerobic exercise and caffeine supplementation on the cognitive performance and balance of college student-athletes recovered from COVID-19

Shaabani Ezdini, Ebrahim; Rahmani, Ahmad; Salehi, Javad

doi:10.22059/sshr.2023.359596.1091

The effect of aerobic exercise and caffeine supplementation on the cognitive performance and balance of college student-athletes recovered from COVID-19

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Ebrahim Shaabani Ezdini ¹

Ahmad Rahmani ²

Javad Salehi ³

¹ Department of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran.

² Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, iran

³ Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Zanjan , Zanjan, Iran

10.22059/sshr.2023.359596.1091

Abstract

Background: The SARS-CoV-2 virus is viewed as one of the defining crises of the current era, with various adverse ramifications for sports performance.
Aim: The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise and caffeine supplementation on the cognitive performance and balance of college student-athletes recovered from COVID-19.
Materials and Methods: Forty male student-athletes aged between 18 to 25 years from the Imam Khomeini International University of Qazvin were randomly assigned to four groups: 1. exercise + caffeine supplementation, 2. aerobic exercise + placebo, 3. aerobic exercise, and 4. control, in a pre-test post-test design. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check the normality of data distribution and covariance analysis was used for inter-group comparison.
Results: The ANCOVA analysis showed significant differences in cognitive performance and balance among the four groups (P<0.05). Pairwise comparisons using the Bonferroni post-hoc test showed statistically significant differences in cognitive performance and balance between the aerobic exercise + caffeine group versus the aerobic exercise + placebo group (P<0.05) and the aerobic exercise versus the control group (P<0.05). Also, there was significant differences in mean cognitive performance and balance indices between AE+CAF versus CONT (P<0.005) and AE+CAF versus AE (P<0.005).
Conclusion: The results of this study show that aerobic exercise with caffeine supplementation can improve cognitive performance and balance of student-athletes recovered from COVID-19.

Keywords

aerobic exercise

balance

caffeine supplementation

cognitive performance

covid-19

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Sport Sciences and Health Research

The effect of aerobic exercise and caffeine supplementation on the cognitive performance and balance of college student-athletes recovered from COVID-19

[1] Zhang J, Xie B, Hashimoto K. “Current status of potential therapeutic candidates for the COVID-19 crisis”. Brain Behav Immun. 2020; 87: 59-73. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.046.

[2] Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Liu H, Wu Y, et al. “Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study”. Lancet Respir Med. 2020; 8(5): 475-81. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30079-5.

[3] Brooks S, Webster R, Smith L, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. “The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence”. Lancet. 2020; 395(10227): 912-20. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8.

[4] Ammar A, Mueller P, Trabelsi K, Chtourou H, Boukhris O, Masmoudi L, et al. “Psychological consequences of COVID-19 home confinement: The ECLB-COVID19 multicenter study”. PLoS One. 2020; 15(11): e0240204. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240204.

[5] Iranpour P, Ghaderian Jahromi M. “Radiologic manifestations of pulmonary and cardiovascular complications of COVID-19: A narrative review”. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci. 2021; 20(3): 339-352. doi: 10.52547/jrums.20.3.339.

[6] Ahmed OF, Amin BJH, Abdullah BA, Hassan MN, Salih RQ, Mohammed SH, et al. “Post COVID-19 pulmonary complications; a single center experience”. Ann Med Surg. 2021; 72: 103052. doi: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.103052.

[7] Huang C, Huang L, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Gu X, et al. “6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study”. Lancet. 2021; 397(10270): 220-32. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32656-8.

[8] Arica-Polat BS, Gündoğdu AA, Cinar N, Uncu G, Ayas ZO, Iseri P, et al. “Evaluation of cognitive deficits in patients infected with COVID-19”. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2022; 26(2): 678-685. doi: 10.26355/eurrev_202201_27894.

[9] Żychowska M, Jaworecka K, Mazur E, Słomka K, Marszałek W, Rzepko M, et al. “COVID-19 and postural control—A stabilographic study using rambling-trembling decomposition method”. Medicina (Kaunas). 2022; 58(2): 305. doi: 10.3390/medicina58020305.

[10] Lezak MD, Howieson DB, Loring DW. Neuropsychological Assessment. Oxford University Press. 2004. doi: 10.1007/s00415-005-0003-0.

[11] Maki BE, McIlroy WE. “Control ofrapid limb movements for balance recovery: age-related changes and implications for fall prevention”. Age & Ageing. 2006; 35(2): ii12–ii18. doi:10.1093/ageing/afl078.

[12] Verburgh L, Scherder EJ, van Lange PA, Oosterlaan J. “Executive functioning in highly talented soccer players”. PLoS One. 2014; 9(3): e91254. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091254.

[13] Hrysomallis C. “Balance ability and athletic performance”. Sports Med. 2011; 41(3): 221-232. doi: 10.2165/11538560-000000000-00000.

[14] Mattioli AV, Ballerini Puviani M, Nasi M, Farinetti A. “COVID-19 pandemic: the effects of quarantine on cardiovascular risk”. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2020; 74(6): 8525. doi: 10.1038/s41430-020-0646-z.

[15] Mentella MC, Scaldaferri F, Gasbarrini A, Miggiano GAD. (2021). “The role of nutrition in the COVID-19 pandemic”. Nutrients. 13(4): 1093. doi:10.3390/nu13041093:

[16] Park AH, Zhong S, Yang H, Jeong J, Lee C. (2022). “Impact of COVID-19 on physical activity: A rapid review”. Journal of Global Health. 12: 05003. doi:10.7189/jogh.12.05003.

[17] Fazeli Sani A, Banaeifar A. “The effect of 4 weeks of aerobic training on spatial learning, memory performance and mitochondrial dynamics in the hippocampal tissue of old rats”. Journal of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences. 2020; 20(3): 340-51. doi: 10.52547/jarums.20.3.340.

[18] Hillman CH, Erickson KI, Kramer AF. “Be smart, exercise your heart: Exercise effects on brain and cognition”. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008; 9(1): 58-65. doi: 10.1038/nrn2298.

[19] Sherrington C, Fairhall NJ, Wallbank GK, Tiedemann A, Michaleff ZA, Howard K, et al. “Exercise for preventing falls in older people living inthe community”. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019; (1):CD012424. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012424.pub2.

[20] Shigematsu R, Chang M, Yabushita N, Sakai T, Nakagaichi M, Nho H. “Dance-based aerobic exercise may improve indices of falling risk in older women”. Age Ageing. 2002; 31(4): 261-266. doi: 10.1093/ageing/31.4.261.

[21] Smith PJ, Blumenthal JA, Hoffman BM, Cooper H, Strauman TA, Welsh-Bohmer K, et al. “Aerobic exercise and neurocognitive performance: a meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials”. Psychosom Med. 2010; 72(3): 239-252. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181d14633.

[22] Higdon JV, Frei B. “Coffee and health: A review of recent human research”. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2006; 46(2): 101-123. doi:10.1080/10408390500400009.

[23] Lieberman HR, Tharion WJ, Shukitt-Hale B, Speckman KL, Tulley R. “Effects of caffeine, sleep loss, and stress on cognitive performance and mood during US Navy SEAL training”. Psychopharmacology. 2002; 164(3): 250-261. doi: 10.1007/s00213-002-1217-9.

[24] Briggs I, Chidley JB, Chidley C, Osler CJ. “Effects of caffeine ingestion on human standing balance: a systematic review of placebo-controlled trials”. Nutrients. 2021; 13(10): 3527. doi: 10.3390/nu13103527.

[25] Tallis J, Bradford C, Duncan MJ, Leddington-Wright S, Higgins MF, Hill M. “The effect of acute caffeine ingestion on cognitive dual task performance during assessment of static and dynamic balance in older adults”. Nutrients. 2020; 12(12): 3653. doi: 10.3390/nu12123653.

[28] Horrigan LA, Kelly JP, Connor TJ. “Immunomodulatory effects of caffeine: friend or foe?”. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2006; 111(3): 877-92. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2006.02.002.

[29] Elzupir AO. “Caffeine and caffeine-containing pharmaceuticals as promising inhibitors for 3-chymotrypsin-like protease of SARS-CoV-2”. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2022; 40(5): 2113-20. doi: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1835732.

[30] Valipour Dehnou V, Motamedi R. “The effect of one circuit training session on the serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and insulin-like growth factor-1 in the elderly”. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2019; 13(4): 428-39. doi: 10.32598/SIJA.13.4.428.

[31] Singh AM, Duncan RE, Neva JL, Staines WR. “Aerobic exercise modulates intracortical inhibition and facilitation in a nonexercised upper limb muscle”. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2014; 6: 1-0. doi: 10.1186/2052-1847-6-23.

[32] Zadeh ZadehOlfat S, Fakhrpour R, Zadeh BG. “Effects of short-term caffeine supplementation on electroencephalography signals during exhaustion exercise session in athletes”. Journal of Applied Health Studies in Sport Physiology. 2023; 10(1): 1-3. doi: 10.22049/JAHSSP.2022.27811.1470.

[33] Halabchi F, Selk-Ghaffari M, Tazesh B, Mahdaviani B. “The effect of exercise rehabilitation on COVID-19 outcomes: a systematic review of observational and intervention studies”. Sport Sciences for Health. 2022; 18(4): 1201-19. doi: 10.1007/s11332-022-00966-5.

[34] Stothart CR, Simons DJ, Boot WR, Kramer AF. “Is the effect of aerobic exercise on cognition a placebo effect?”. PloS one. 2014; 9(10): e109557. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109557.

[35] Plowman SA, Smith DL. Exercise Physiology for Health Fitness and Performance. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2013.

[36] Dagtekin O, Karaman S, Karaman T, et al. “Assessing cognitive and psychomotor performance under long-term treatment with transdermal buprenorphine in chronic noncancer pain patients”. Anesth Analg. 2007; 105(5): 1442-1448. doi: 10.1213/01.ane.0000281078.65585.1e.

[37] Taheri M, Irandoust K. “The effect of Omega-3 supplementation and functional exercises on the psychomotor performance of aged women in Qazvin”. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2019; 14(1): 2-13. doi: 10.32598/sija.13.10.100.

[38] Na EH, Yoon TS, Han SJ. “Improvement of quiet standing balance in patients with wallenberg syndrome after rehabilitation”. Ann Rehabil Med. 2011; 35(6): 791-797. doi: 10.5535/arm.2011.35.6.791.

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Volume 15, Issue 1January 2023Pages 85-97

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Volume 15, Issue 1
January 2023
Pages 85-97