The effect of aerobic exercise and caffeine supplementation on the cognitive performance and balance of college student-athletes recovered from COVID-19

Shaabani Ezdini, Ebrahim; Rahmani, Ahmad; Salehi, Javad

doi:10.22059/sshr.2023.359596.1091

The effect of aerobic exercise and caffeine supplementation on the cognitive performance and balance of college student-athletes recovered from COVID-19

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

¹ Department of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran.

² Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, iran

³ Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Zanjan , Zanjan, Iran

10.22059/sshr.2023.359596.1091

Abstract

Background: The SARS-CoV-2 virus is viewed as one of the defining crises of the current era, with various adverse ramifications for sports performance.
Aim: The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise and caffeine supplementation on the cognitive performance and balance of college student-athletes recovered from COVID-19.
Materials and Methods: Forty male student-athletes aged between 18 to 25 years from the Imam Khomeini International University of Qazvin were randomly assigned to four groups: 1. exercise + caffeine supplementation, 2. aerobic exercise + placebo, 3. aerobic exercise, and 4. control, in a pre-test post-test design. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check the normality of data distribution and covariance analysis was used for inter-group comparison.
Results: The ANCOVA analysis showed significant differences in cognitive performance and balance among the four groups (P<0.05). Pairwise comparisons using the Bonferroni post-hoc test showed statistically significant differences in cognitive performance and balance between the aerobic exercise + caffeine group versus the aerobic exercise + placebo group (P<0.05) and the aerobic exercise versus the control group (P<0.05). Also, there was significant differences in mean cognitive performance and balance indices between AE+CAF versus CONT (P<0.005) and AE+CAF versus AE (P<0.005).
Conclusion: The results of this study show that aerobic exercise with caffeine supplementation can improve cognitive performance and balance of student-athletes recovered from COVID-19.

Keywords

References

[1] Zhang J, Xie B, Hashimoto K. “Current status of potential therapeutic candidates for the COVID-19 crisis”. Brain Behav Immun. 2020; 87: 59-73. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.046.

[2] Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Liu H, Wu Y, et al. “Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study”. Lancet Respir Med. 2020; 8(5): 475-81. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30079-5.

[3] Brooks S, Webster R, Smith L, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. “The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence”. Lancet. 2020; 395(10227): 912-20. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8.

[4] Ammar A, Mueller P, Trabelsi K, Chtourou H, Boukhris O, Masmoudi L, et al. “Psychological consequences of COVID-19 home confinement: The ECLB-COVID19 multicenter study”. PLoS One. 2020; 15(11): e0240204. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240204.

[5] Iranpour P, Ghaderian Jahromi M. “Radiologic manifestations of pulmonary and cardiovascular complications of COVID-19: A narrative review”. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci. 2021; 20(3): 339-352. doi: 10.52547/jrums.20.3.339.

[6] Ahmed OF, Amin BJH, Abdullah BA, Hassan MN, Salih RQ, Mohammed SH, et al. “Post COVID-19 pulmonary complications; a single center experience”. Ann Med Surg. 2021; 72: 103052. doi: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.103052.

[7] Huang C, Huang L, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Gu X, et al. “6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study”. Lancet. 2021; 397(10270): 220-32. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32656-8.

[8] Arica-Polat BS, Gündoğdu AA, Cinar N, Uncu G, Ayas ZO, Iseri P, et al. “Evaluation of cognitive deficits in patients infected with COVID-19”. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2022; 26(2): 678-685. doi: 10.26355/eurrev_202201_27894.

[9] Żychowska M, Jaworecka K, Mazur E, Słomka K, Marszałek W, Rzepko M, et al. “COVID-19 and postural control—A stabilographic study using rambling-trembling decomposition method”. Medicina (Kaunas). 2022; 58(2): 305. doi: 10.3390/medicina58020305.

[10] Lezak MD, Howieson DB, Loring DW. Neuropsychological Assessment. Oxford University Press. 2004. doi: 10.1007/s00415-005-0003-0.

[11] Maki BE, McIlroy WE. “Control ofrapid limb movements for balance recovery: age-related changes and implications for fall prevention”. Age & Ageing. 2006; 35(2): ii12–ii18. doi:10.1093/ageing/afl078.

[12] Verburgh L, Scherder EJ, van Lange PA, Oosterlaan J. “Executive functioning in highly talented soccer players”. PLoS One. 2014; 9(3): e91254. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091254.

[13] Hrysomallis C. “Balance ability and athletic performance”. Sports Med. 2011; 41(3): 221-232. doi: 10.2165/11538560-000000000-00000.

[14] Mattioli AV, Ballerini Puviani M, Nasi M, Farinetti A. “COVID-19 pandemic: the effects of quarantine on cardiovascular risk”. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2020; 74(6): 8525. doi: 10.1038/s41430-020-0646-z.

[15] Mentella MC, Scaldaferri F, Gasbarrini A, Miggiano GAD. (2021). “The role of nutrition in the COVID-19 pandemic”. Nutrients. 13(4): 1093. doi:10.3390/nu13041093:

[16] Park AH, Zhong S, Yang H, Jeong J, Lee C. (2022). “Impact of COVID-19 on physical activity: A rapid review”. Journal of Global Health. 12: 05003. doi:10.7189/jogh.12.05003.

[17] Fazeli Sani A, Banaeifar A. “The effect of 4 weeks of aerobic training on spatial learning, memory performance and mitochondrial dynamics in the hippocampal tissue of old rats”. Journal of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences. 2020; 20(3): 340-51. doi: 10.52547/jarums.20.3.340.

[18] Hillman CH, Erickson KI, Kramer AF. “Be smart, exercise your heart: Exercise effects on brain and cognition”. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008; 9(1): 58-65. doi: 10.1038/nrn2298.

[19] Sherrington C, Fairhall NJ, Wallbank GK, Tiedemann A, Michaleff ZA, Howard K, et al. “Exercise for preventing falls in older people living inthe community”. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019; (1):CD012424. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012424.pub2.

[20] Shigematsu R, Chang M, Yabushita N, Sakai T, Nakagaichi M, Nho H. “Dance-based aerobic exercise may improve indices of falling risk in older women”. Age Ageing. 2002; 31(4): 261-266. doi: 10.1093/ageing/31.4.261.

[21] Smith PJ, Blumenthal JA, Hoffman BM, Cooper H, Strauman TA, Welsh-Bohmer K, et al. “Aerobic exercise and neurocognitive performance: a meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials”. Psychosom Med. 2010; 72(3): 239-252. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181d14633.

[22] Higdon JV, Frei B. “Coffee and health: A review of recent human research”. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2006; 46(2): 101-123. doi:10.1080/10408390500400009.

[23] Lieberman HR, Tharion WJ, Shukitt-Hale B, Speckman KL, Tulley R. “Effects of caffeine, sleep loss, and stress on cognitive performance and mood during US Navy SEAL training”. Psychopharmacology. 2002; 164(3): 250-261. doi: 10.1007/s00213-002-1217-9.

[24] Briggs I, Chidley JB, Chidley C, Osler CJ. “Effects of caffeine ingestion on human standing balance: a systematic review of placebo-controlled trials”. Nutrients. 2021; 13(10): 3527. doi: 10.3390/nu13103527.

[25] Tallis J, Bradford C, Duncan MJ, Leddington-Wright S, Higgins MF, Hill M. “The effect of acute caffeine ingestion on cognitive dual task performance during assessment of static and dynamic balance in older adults”. Nutrients. 2020; 12(12): 3653. doi: 10.3390/nu12123653.

[26] Ilbeigi S, Ahmadi MR, Mohammadnia Ahmadi M, Moazzeni H. “Evaluation of the effect of fatigue and caffeine supplementation on balance and some physical and skill fitness characteristics of young football players”. J Pract Stud Biosci Sport. 2022; 10(23): 78-89. doi: 10.22077/jpsbs.2021.4052.1612.

[27] Goldstein ER, Ziegenfuss T, Kalman D, Kreider R, Campbell B, Wilborn C, Taylor L, Willoughby D, Stout J, Graves BS, Wildman R. “International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and performance”. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. 2010; 7(1): 1-5. doi: 10.1186/s12970-020-00383-4.

[28] Horrigan LA, Kelly JP, Connor TJ. “Immunomodulatory effects of caffeine: friend or foe?”. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2006; 111(3): 877-92. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2006.02.002.

[29] Elzupir AO. “Caffeine and caffeine-containing pharmaceuticals as promising inhibitors for 3-chymotrypsin-like protease of SARS-CoV-2”. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2022; 40(5): 2113-20. doi: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1835732.

[30] Valipour Dehnou V, Motamedi R. “The effect of one circuit training session on the serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and insulin-like growth factor-1 in the elderly”. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2019; 13(4): 428-39. doi: 10.32598/SIJA.13.4.428.

[31] Singh AM, Duncan RE, Neva JL, Staines WR. “Aerobic exercise modulates intracortical inhibition and facilitation in a nonexercised upper limb muscle”. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2014; 6: 1-0. doi: 10.1186/2052-1847-6-23.

[32] Zadeh ZadehOlfat S, Fakhrpour R, Zadeh BG. “Effects of short-term caffeine supplementation on electroencephalography signals during exhaustion exercise session in athletes”. Journal of Applied Health Studies in Sport Physiology. 2023; 10(1): 1-3. doi: 10.22049/JAHSSP.2022.27811.1470.

[33] Halabchi F, Selk-Ghaffari M, Tazesh B, Mahdaviani B. “The effect of exercise rehabilitation on COVID-19 outcomes: a systematic review of observational and intervention studies”. Sport Sciences for Health. 2022; 18(4): 1201-19. doi: 10.1007/s11332-022-00966-5.

[34] Stothart CR, Simons DJ, Boot WR, Kramer AF. “Is the effect of aerobic exercise on cognition a placebo effect?”. PloS one. 2014; 9(10): e109557. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109557.

[35] Plowman SA, Smith DL. Exercise Physiology for Health Fitness and Performance. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2013.

[36] Dagtekin O, Karaman S, Karaman T, et al. “Assessing cognitive and psychomotor performance under long-term treatment with transdermal buprenorphine in chronic noncancer pain patients”. Anesth Analg. 2007; 105(5): 1442-1448. doi: 10.1213/01.ane.0000281078.65585.1e.

[37] Taheri M, Irandoust K. “The effect of Omega-3 supplementation and functional exercises on the psychomotor performance of aged women in Qazvin”. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2019; 14(1): 2-13. doi: 10.32598/sija.13.10.100.

[38] Na EH, Yoon TS, Han SJ. “Improvement of quiet standing balance in patients with wallenberg syndrome after rehabilitation”. Ann Rehabil Med. 2011; 35(6): 791-797. doi: 10.5535/arm.2011.35.6.791.

[39] Mohamed AA, Alawna M. “The effect of aerobic exercise on immune biomarkers and symptoms severity and progression in patients with COVID-19: Arandomized controlled trial”. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2021; 28: 425-432. doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2021.07.012.

[40] Rasoulpour J, Gharani H, Lourestani AZ, Taeid V, Zoalfaghari MR, Espandar N, Shirazdi J. “Comparing of the effect of long-term caffeine consumption combined with aerobic exercise on serum interleukin-6 level and body composition in obese men. Jundishapur Scientific Medical Journal. 2022; 21(1): 32-17. doi: 10.32598/JSMJ.21.1.2481.

[41] Rasmusen HK, Aarøe M, Madsen CV, Gudmundsdottir HL, Mertz KH, Mikkelsen AD, Dall CH, Brushøj C, Andersen JL, Vall-Lamora MHD, Bovin A, Magnusson SP, Thune JJ, Pecini R, Pedersen L. “The COVID-19 in athletes (COVA) study: A national study on cardio-pulmonary involvement of SARS-CoV-2 infection among elite athletes”. Eur Clin Respir J. 2022; 10(1): 2149919. doi: 10.1177/1941738120978683.

[42] Halabchi F, Ahmadinejad Z, Selk-Ghaffari M, Ahmadinejad M. “COVID-19 epidemic: exercise or not to exercise; That is the question!”. Asian J Sports Med. 2020; 11(1): e102630. doi: 10.5812/asjsm.102630.

[43] Joyner MJ, Kumar P, Klassen SA. “Could SARS-CoV-2 cause a cytokine storm in the lungs and result in acute respiratory distress syndrome?”. Lancet Respir Med. 2020; 8(6): 567-568. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30217-5.

[44] Pillay L. “An analysis of psychological stress experienced by elite South African athletes during COVID-19-induced national lockdown”. S Afr J Sports Med. 2020; 32(1): 1-6. doi: 10.17159/2078-516x/2020/v32i1a8212.

[45] Heijnen S, Hommel B, Kibele A, Colzato LS. “Neuromodulation of aerobic exercise—a review”. Front Psychol. 2016; 6: 1890. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01890.

[46] Miyazaki A, Okuyama T, Mori H, et al. “Effects of two short-term aerobic exercises on cognitive function in healthy older adults during COVID-19 confinement in Japan: A pilot randomized controlled trial”. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022; 19(10): 6202. doi: 10/3390/ijerph19106202.

[47] Dana A, Pozeshjadidi R, AbedinFallah Z. “Effect of aerobic exercises on cognitive and metacognitive abilities of inactive elderly men”. Behav Sci Res. 2018; 16(1): 84-92. doi: 20.1001.1.17352029.1397.16.1.12.8.

[48] Nehlig A. “Is caffeine a cognitive enhancer?”. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010; 20(S1): S85-S94. doi: 10.3233/JAD-2010-091315.

[49] Einöther SJ, Giesbrecht T. “Caffeine as an attention enhancer: reviewing existing assumptions”. Psychopharmacology. 2013; 225(2): 251-274. doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2917-4.

[50] Chang YK, Labban JD, Gapin JI, Etnier JL. “The effects of acute exercise on cognitive performance: A meta-analysis”. Brain Res. 2012; 1453: 87-101. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.02.068.

[51] McMorris T, Hale BJ, Corbett J, Robertson K, Hodgson CI. “Does acute exercise affect the performance of whole-body, psychomotor skills in an inverted-U fashion? A meta-analytic investigation”. Physiol Behav. 2016; 155: 103-110. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.01.010.

[52] Erickson KI, Voss MW, Prakash RS, et al. “Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory”. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011; 108(7): 3017-3022. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1015950108.

[53] Rogers PJ, Smith JE, Heatherley SV, Pleydell-Pearce CW. “Time for tea: mood, blood pressure and cognitive performance effects of caffeine and theanine administered alone and together”. Psychopharmacology. 2008; 195: 569-577. doi: 10.1007/s00213-007-0938-1.

[54] Gunendi Z, Ozyemisci-Taskiran O, Demirsoy N. “The effect of 4-week aerobic exercise program on postural balance in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis”. Rheumatol Int. 2008; 28: 1217-1222. doi: 10.1007/s00296-008-0651-3.

[55] Kiani N, Marryam M, Malik AN, Amjad I. “The effect of aerobic exercises on balance in diabetic neuropathy patients”. J Med Sci. 2018; 26(2): 141-145. doi: 10.3390/app11125665.

[56] Lacroix A, Kressig RW, Muehlbauer T, Gschwind YJ, Pfenninger B, Bruegger O, et al. “Effects of a supervised versus an unsupervised combined balance and strength training program on balance and muscle power in healthy older adults: A randomized controlled trial”. Gerontology. 2016; 62(3): 275-288. doi: 10.1159/000441029.

[57] Silsupadol P, Siu KC, Shumway-Cook A, Woollacott MH. “Training of balance under single- and dual-task conditions in older adults with balance impairment”. Phys Ther. 2006; 86(2): 269-281. doi: 10.1093/ptj/86.2.269.

[58] Sibley KM, Beauchamp MK, Van Ooteghem K, Straus SE, Jaglal SB. “Using the systems framework for postural control to analyze the components of balance evaluated in standardized balance measures: A scoping review”. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015; 96(1): 122-132. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.07.003.

[59] Gunendi Z, Ozyemisci-Taskiran O, Demirsoy N. “The effect of 4-week aerobic exercise program on postural balance in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis”. Rheumatol Int. 2008; 28: 1217-1222. doi: 10.1007/s00296-008-0651-3.

[60] Ben Waer F, Laatar R, Srihi S, Jouira G, Rebai H, Sahli S. “Acute effects of low versus high caffeine dose consumption on postural balance in middle-aged women”. J Women Aging. 2021; 33(6): 620-634. doi: 10.1080/08952841.2020.1735288.

[61] Sainbayar E. “Effects of caffeine capsules on dynamic and static balance”. J Phys Ther Sci. 2016; 28(2): 483-486. doi: 10.1589/jpts.28.483.

Article View: 263
PDF Download: 407

The effect of aerobic exercise and caffeine supplementation on the cognitive performance and balance of college student-athletes recovered from COVID-19

References

[1] Zhang J, Xie B, Hashimoto K. “Current status of potential therapeutic candidates for the COVID-19 crisis”. Brain Behav Immun. 2020; 87: 59-73. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.046.

[2] Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Liu H, Wu Y, et al. “Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study”. Lancet Respir Med. 2020; 8(5): 475-81. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30079-5.

[3] Brooks S, Webster R, Smith L, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. “The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence”. Lancet. 2020; 395(10227): 912-20. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8.

[4] Ammar A, Mueller P, Trabelsi K, Chtourou H, Boukhris O, Masmoudi L, et al. “Psychological consequences of COVID-19 home confinement: The ECLB-COVID19 multicenter study”. PLoS One. 2020; 15(11): e0240204. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240204.

[5] Iranpour P, Ghaderian Jahromi M. “Radiologic manifestations of pulmonary and cardiovascular complications of COVID-19: A narrative review”. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci. 2021; 20(3): 339-352. doi: 10.52547/jrums.20.3.339.

[6] Ahmed OF, Amin BJH, Abdullah BA, Hassan MN, Salih RQ, Mohammed SH, et al. “Post COVID-19 pulmonary complications; a single center experience”. Ann Med Surg. 2021; 72: 103052. doi: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.103052.

[7] Huang C, Huang L, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Gu X, et al. “6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study”. Lancet. 2021; 397(10270): 220-32. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32656-8.

[8] Arica-Polat BS, Gündoğdu AA, Cinar N, Uncu G, Ayas ZO, Iseri P, et al. “Evaluation of cognitive deficits in patients infected with COVID-19”. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2022; 26(2): 678-685. doi: 10.26355/eurrev_202201_27894.

[9] Żychowska M, Jaworecka K, Mazur E, Słomka K, Marszałek W, Rzepko M, et al. “COVID-19 and postural control—A stabilographic study using rambling-trembling decomposition method”. Medicina (Kaunas). 2022; 58(2): 305. doi: 10.3390/medicina58020305.

[10] Lezak MD, Howieson DB, Loring DW. Neuropsychological Assessment. Oxford University Press. 2004. doi: 10.1007/s00415-005-0003-0.

[11] Maki BE, McIlroy WE. “Control ofrapid limb movements for balance recovery: age-related changes and implications for fall prevention”. Age & Ageing. 2006; 35(2): ii12–ii18. doi:10.1093/ageing/afl078.

[12] Verburgh L, Scherder EJ, van Lange PA, Oosterlaan J. “Executive functioning in highly talented soccer players”. PLoS One. 2014; 9(3): e91254. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091254.

[13] Hrysomallis C. “Balance ability and athletic performance”. Sports Med. 2011; 41(3): 221-232. doi: 10.2165/11538560-000000000-00000.

[14] Mattioli AV, Ballerini Puviani M, Nasi M, Farinetti A. “COVID-19 pandemic: the effects of quarantine on cardiovascular risk”. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2020; 74(6): 8525. doi: 10.1038/s41430-020-0646-z.

[15] Mentella MC, Scaldaferri F, Gasbarrini A, Miggiano GAD. (2021). “The role of nutrition in the COVID-19 pandemic”. Nutrients. 13(4): 1093. doi:10.3390/nu13041093:

[16] Park AH, Zhong S, Yang H, Jeong J, Lee C. (2022). “Impact of COVID-19 on physical activity: A rapid review”. Journal of Global Health. 12: 05003. doi:10.7189/jogh.12.05003.

[17] Fazeli Sani A, Banaeifar A. “The effect of 4 weeks of aerobic training on spatial learning, memory performance and mitochondrial dynamics in the hippocampal tissue of old rats”. Journal of Ardabil University of Medical Sciences. 2020; 20(3): 340-51. doi: 10.52547/jarums.20.3.340.

[18] Hillman CH, Erickson KI, Kramer AF. “Be smart, exercise your heart: Exercise effects on brain and cognition”. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008; 9(1): 58-65. doi: 10.1038/nrn2298.

[19] Sherrington C, Fairhall NJ, Wallbank GK, Tiedemann A, Michaleff ZA, Howard K, et al. “Exercise for preventing falls in older people living inthe community”. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019; (1):CD012424. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012424.pub2.

[20] Shigematsu R, Chang M, Yabushita N, Sakai T, Nakagaichi M, Nho H. “Dance-based aerobic exercise may improve indices of falling risk in older women”. Age Ageing. 2002; 31(4): 261-266. doi: 10.1093/ageing/31.4.261.

[21] Smith PJ, Blumenthal JA, Hoffman BM, Cooper H, Strauman TA, Welsh-Bohmer K, et al. “Aerobic exercise and neurocognitive performance: a meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials”. Psychosom Med. 2010; 72(3): 239-252. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181d14633.

[22] Higdon JV, Frei B. “Coffee and health: A review of recent human research”. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2006; 46(2): 101-123. doi:10.1080/10408390500400009.

[23] Lieberman HR, Tharion WJ, Shukitt-Hale B, Speckman KL, Tulley R. “Effects of caffeine, sleep loss, and stress on cognitive performance and mood during US Navy SEAL training”. Psychopharmacology. 2002; 164(3): 250-261. doi: 10.1007/s00213-002-1217-9.

[24] Briggs I, Chidley JB, Chidley C, Osler CJ. “Effects of caffeine ingestion on human standing balance: a systematic review of placebo-controlled trials”. Nutrients. 2021; 13(10): 3527. doi: 10.3390/nu13103527.

[25] Tallis J, Bradford C, Duncan MJ, Leddington-Wright S, Higgins MF, Hill M. “The effect of acute caffeine ingestion on cognitive dual task performance during assessment of static and dynamic balance in older adults”. Nutrients. 2020; 12(12): 3653. doi: 10.3390/nu12123653.

[28] Horrigan LA, Kelly JP, Connor TJ. “Immunomodulatory effects of caffeine: friend or foe?”. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2006; 111(3): 877-92. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2006.02.002.

[29] Elzupir AO. “Caffeine and caffeine-containing pharmaceuticals as promising inhibitors for 3-chymotrypsin-like protease of SARS-CoV-2”. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. 2022; 40(5): 2113-20. doi: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1835732.

[30] Valipour Dehnou V, Motamedi R. “The effect of one circuit training session on the serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and insulin-like growth factor-1 in the elderly”. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2019; 13(4): 428-39. doi: 10.32598/SIJA.13.4.428.

[31] Singh AM, Duncan RE, Neva JL, Staines WR. “Aerobic exercise modulates intracortical inhibition and facilitation in a nonexercised upper limb muscle”. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2014; 6: 1-0. doi: 10.1186/2052-1847-6-23.

[32] Zadeh ZadehOlfat S, Fakhrpour R, Zadeh BG. “Effects of short-term caffeine supplementation on electroencephalography signals during exhaustion exercise session in athletes”. Journal of Applied Health Studies in Sport Physiology. 2023; 10(1): 1-3. doi: 10.22049/JAHSSP.2022.27811.1470.

[33] Halabchi F, Selk-Ghaffari M, Tazesh B, Mahdaviani B. “The effect of exercise rehabilitation on COVID-19 outcomes: a systematic review of observational and intervention studies”. Sport Sciences for Health. 2022; 18(4): 1201-19. doi: 10.1007/s11332-022-00966-5.

[34] Stothart CR, Simons DJ, Boot WR, Kramer AF. “Is the effect of aerobic exercise on cognition a placebo effect?”. PloS one. 2014; 9(10): e109557. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109557.

[35] Plowman SA, Smith DL. Exercise Physiology for Health Fitness and Performance. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2013.

[36] Dagtekin O, Karaman S, Karaman T, et al. “Assessing cognitive and psychomotor performance under long-term treatment with transdermal buprenorphine in chronic noncancer pain patients”. Anesth Analg. 2007; 105(5): 1442-1448. doi: 10.1213/01.ane.0000281078.65585.1e.

[37] Taheri M, Irandoust K. “The effect of Omega-3 supplementation and functional exercises on the psychomotor performance of aged women in Qazvin”. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2019; 14(1): 2-13. doi: 10.32598/sija.13.10.100.

[38] Na EH, Yoon TS, Han SJ. “Improvement of quiet standing balance in patients with wallenberg syndrome after rehabilitation”. Ann Rehabil Med. 2011; 35(6): 791-797. doi: 10.5535/arm.2011.35.6.791.

[39] Mohamed AA, Alawna M. “The effect of aerobic exercise on immune biomarkers and symptoms severity and progression in patients with COVID-19: Arandomized controlled trial”. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2021; 28: 425-432. doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2021.07.012.

[42] Halabchi F, Ahmadinejad Z, Selk-Ghaffari M, Ahmadinejad M. “COVID-19 epidemic: exercise or not to exercise; That is the question!”. Asian J Sports Med. 2020; 11(1): e102630. doi: 10.5812/asjsm.102630.

[43] Joyner MJ, Kumar P, Klassen SA. “Could SARS-CoV-2 cause a cytokine storm in the lungs and result in acute respiratory distress syndrome?”. Lancet Respir Med. 2020; 8(6): 567-568. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30217-5.

[44] Pillay L. “An analysis of psychological stress experienced by elite South African athletes during COVID-19-induced national lockdown”. S Afr J Sports Med. 2020; 32(1): 1-6. doi: 10.17159/2078-516x/2020/v32i1a8212.

[45] Heijnen S, Hommel B, Kibele A, Colzato LS. “Neuromodulation of aerobic exercise—a review”. Front Psychol. 2016; 6: 1890. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01890.

[46] Miyazaki A, Okuyama T, Mori H, et al. “Effects of two short-term aerobic exercises on cognitive function in healthy older adults during COVID-19 confinement in Japan: A pilot randomized controlled trial”. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022; 19(10): 6202. doi: 10/3390/ijerph19106202.

[47] Dana A, Pozeshjadidi R, AbedinFallah Z. “Effect of aerobic exercises on cognitive and metacognitive abilities of inactive elderly men”. Behav Sci Res. 2018; 16(1): 84-92. doi: 20.1001.1.17352029.1397.16.1.12.8.

[48] Nehlig A. “Is caffeine a cognitive enhancer?”. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010; 20(S1): S85-S94. doi: 10.3233/JAD-2010-091315.

[49] Einöther SJ, Giesbrecht T. “Caffeine as an attention enhancer: reviewing existing assumptions”. Psychopharmacology. 2013; 225(2): 251-274. doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2917-4.

[50] Chang YK, Labban JD, Gapin JI, Etnier JL. “The effects of acute exercise on cognitive performance: A meta-analysis”. Brain Res. 2012; 1453: 87-101. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.02.068.

[51] McMorris T, Hale BJ, Corbett J, Robertson K, Hodgson CI. “Does acute exercise affect the performance of whole-body, psychomotor skills in an inverted-U fashion? A meta-analytic investigation”. Physiol Behav. 2016; 155: 103-110. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.01.010.

[52] Erickson KI, Voss MW, Prakash RS, et al. “Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory”. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011; 108(7): 3017-3022. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1015950108.

[53] Rogers PJ, Smith JE, Heatherley SV, Pleydell-Pearce CW. “Time for tea: mood, blood pressure and cognitive performance effects of caffeine and theanine administered alone and together”. Psychopharmacology. 2008; 195: 569-577. doi: 10.1007/s00213-007-0938-1.

[54] Gunendi Z, Ozyemisci-Taskiran O, Demirsoy N. “The effect of 4-week aerobic exercise program on postural balance in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis”. Rheumatol Int. 2008; 28: 1217-1222. doi: 10.1007/s00296-008-0651-3.

[55] Kiani N, Marryam M, Malik AN, Amjad I. “The effect of aerobic exercises on balance in diabetic neuropathy patients”. J Med Sci. 2018; 26(2): 141-145. doi: 10.3390/app11125665.

[57] Silsupadol P, Siu KC, Shumway-Cook A, Woollacott MH. “Training of balance under single- and dual-task conditions in older adults with balance impairment”. Phys Ther. 2006; 86(2): 269-281. doi: 10.1093/ptj/86.2.269.

[58] Sibley KM, Beauchamp MK, Van Ooteghem K, Straus SE, Jaglal SB. “Using the systems framework for postural control to analyze the components of balance evaluated in standardized balance measures: A scoping review”. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015; 96(1): 122-132. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.07.003.

[59] Gunendi Z, Ozyemisci-Taskiran O, Demirsoy N. “The effect of 4-week aerobic exercise program on postural balance in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis”. Rheumatol Int. 2008; 28: 1217-1222. doi: 10.1007/s00296-008-0651-3.

[60] Ben Waer F, Laatar R, Srihi S, Jouira G, Rebai H, Sahli S. “Acute effects of low versus high caffeine dose consumption on postural balance in middle-aged women”. J Women Aging. 2021; 33(6): 620-634. doi: 10.1080/08952841.2020.1735288.

[61] Sainbayar E. “Effects of caffeine capsules on dynamic and static balance”. J Phys Ther Sci. 2016; 28(2): 483-486. doi: 10.1589/jpts.28.483.

Volume 15, Issue 1January 2023Pages 85-97

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics

Volume 15, Issue 1
January 2023
Pages 85-97