The effects of three different recovery postures during the half-time break on fatigue and body temperature in football players

Zarneshan, Azam; Farahmandi- Alanagh, Yousef; Calleja- Gonzalez, Julio

doi:10.22059/sshr.2024.377911.1148

The effects of three different recovery postures during the half-time break on fatigue and body temperature in football players

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Azam Zarneshan ¹

Yousef Farahmandi- Alanagh ¹

Julio Calleja- Gonzalez ²

¹ Department of Sport Science, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.

² Physical Education and Sports Department, Faculty of Education and Sports, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria, Spain.

10.22059/sshr.2024.377911.1148

Abstract

Background: In football, research on halftime recovery methods is limited.
Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of three different recovery postures during the half-time break on blood lactate and pH, RPE and body temperature of football players.
Materials and Methods: Thirty-four male division I Tabriz football players, with an average age of 25.82±4.1 years and Vo₂max of 56.30±8.61 ml/kg/min were randomly assigned to three recovery posture groups: (1) seated posture (Sit, n=11), (2) supine posture (Sup, n=11), and (3) supine posture with elevated legs (Sup Lu, n=12). Each group followed their specific recovery protocol 10 min after a simulated half-football game. Measurements were taken before (T1), immediately after (T2), and five minutes after (T3) recovery.
Results: Both the Sup and Sup-Lu groups exhibited a significant decrease in blood lactate and an increase in pH from T1 to T3, but there was no significant difference between these two groups (P> 0.05). Body temperature did not show significant variation within or between the groups (P>0.05). A significant difference was observed in the mean changes of RPE from T1 to T3 between the groups (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Both the Sup and Sup Lu recovery postures were found to effectively reduce the fatigue level of football players during the half-time break compared to sitting, without lowering body temperature.

Keywords

body posture

fatigue

football

half-time

recovery

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[2] Mohr M, Krustrup P, Bangsbo J. "Fatigue in soccer: A brief review". Journal of sports Sciences. 2005; 23(6): 593-9.

[3] Russell M, Kingsley MI. "Changes in acid-base balance during simulated soccer match play". The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2012; 26(9): 2593-9. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31823f284e.

[4] Takahashi T, Okada A, Saitoh T, Hayano J, Miyamoto Y. "Difference in human cardiovascular response between upright and supine recovery from upright cycle exercise". European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2000; 81(3): 233-9.

[5] Taoutaou Z, Granier P, Mercier B, Mercier J, Ahmaidi S, Prefaut C. "Lactate kinetics during passive and partially active recovery in endurance and sprint athletes". European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology. 1996; 73(5): 465-70.

[6] Buchheit M, Al Haddad H, Laursen P, Ahmaidi S. "Effect of body posture on postexercise parasympathetic reactivation in men". Experimental Physiology. 2009; 94(7): 795-804.

[7] Javorka M, Zila I, Balharek T, Javorka K. "Heart rate recovery after exercise: relations to heart rate variability and complexity". Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2002; 35: 991-1000.

[8] Buchheit M, Simpson M, Al Haddad H, Bourdon P, Mendez-Villanueva A. "Monitoring changes in physical performance with heart rate measures in young soccer players". European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2012; 112(2): 711-23. DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2014-0.

[9] Barak OF, Ovcin ZB, Jakovljevic DG, Lozanov-Crvenkovic Z, Brodie DA, Grujic NG. "Heart rate recovery after submaximal exercise in four different recovery protocols in male athletes and non-athletes". Journal of Sports Science & Medicine. 2011; 10(2): 369. PU201107005873.

[10] Toya K, Sasano K, Takasoh T, Nishimoto T, Fujimoto Y, Kusumoto Y, et al. "Ankle positions and exercise intervals effect on the blood flow velocity in the common femoral vein during ankle pumping exercises". Journal of Physical Therapy Science. 2016; 28(2): 685-8. DOI: 10.1589/jpts.28.685.

[11] Kwon OY, Jung DY, Kim Y, Cho SH, Yi CH. "Effects of ankle exercise combined with deep breathing on blood flow velocity in the femoral vein". Australian Journal of Physiotherapy. 2003; 49(4): 253-8.

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[18] Torres-Luque G, Lara-Sánchez A. "Rate of perceived exertion as a useful tool during a football competition in young soccer players". Cuadernos de Psicologia del Deporte. 2014; 14(1): 75-81. DOI: 10.4321/S1578-84232014000100009.

[19] Mohr M, Nybo L, Grantham J, Racinais S. "Physiological responses and physical performance during football in the heat". PloS one. 2012; 7(6): e39202. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039202.

[20] Altarriba-Bartes A, Pena J, Vicens-Bordas J, Mila-Villaroel R, Calleja-Gonzalez J. "Post-competition recovery strategies in elite male soccer players. Effects on performance: Asystematic review and meta-analysis". PloS one. 2020; 15(10): e0240135. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240135.

[21] Towlson C, Midgley AW, Lovell R. "Warm-up strategies of professional soccer players: practitioners' perspectives". Journal of Sports Sciences. 2013; 31(13): 1393-401. DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2013.792946.

[22] Russell M, West DJ, Harper LD, Cook CJ, Kilduff LP. "Half-time strategies to enhance second-half performance in team-sports players: a review and recommendations". Sports Medicine. 2015; 45(3): 353-64. DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0297-0.

[23] Kaya S, Cug M, Behm DG. "Foam rolling during a simulated half-time attenuates subsequent soccer-specific performance decrements". Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 2021; 26: 193-200.

[24] Association WM. "World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects". Jama. 2013; 310(20): 2191-4. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2013.281053.

[25] Russell M, Rees G, Benton D, Kingsley M. "An exercise protocol that replicates soccer match-play". International Journal of Sports Medicine. 2011; 32(07): 511-8. DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1273742.

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[27] Asadian S, Khatony A, Moradi G, Abdi A, Rezaei M. "Accuracy and precision of four common peripheral temperature measurement methods in intensive care patients". Medical Devices (Auckland, NZ). 2016; 9: 301. DOI: 10.2147/MDER.S109904.

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[30] Yudkin J, Cohen R. "The contribution of the kidney to the removal of a lactic acid load under normal and acidotic conditions in the conscious rat". Clinical Science and Molecular Medicine. 1975; 48(2): 121-31.

[31] Bellomo R. "Bench-to-bedside review: lactate and the kidney". Critical Care. 2002; 6(4): 1-5.

[32] Goraya N, Wesson DE. "Overview of acid–base physiology" (pp 1-6). Wesson DE (ed). Metabolic Acidosis; A Guide to Clinical Assessment and Management. Springer: New York. 2016.

[33] Hopkins E, Sanvictores T, Sharma S. Physiology, acid base balance. StatPearls. 2018. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2023. PMID: 29939584.

[34] Klabunde R. Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2011.

[35] Navalta JW, Stephen P, Hrncir J. "Core stabilization exercises enhance lactate clearance following high-intensity exercise". The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2007; 21(4): 1305-9.

[36] Pitt KT. The Effect of Static Stretching on Lactate Removal during Recovery from High Intensity Exercise. University of Nevada, Las Vegas. 1995.

[37] Siegler J, Bell-Wilson J, Mermier C, Faria E, Robergs R. "Active and passive recovery and acid-base kinetics following multiple bouts of intense exercise to exhaustion". International Journal of Sport Nutrition and exercise Metabolism. 2006; 16(1): 92-107.

[38] Drigas A, Mitsea E. "Breathing: a Powerfull Tool for Physical & Neuropsychological Regulation. The role of Mobile Apps". Technium Soc Sci J. 2022; 28: 135. DOI: 10.47577/tssj.v28i1.5922.

[39] Russo MA, Santarelli DM, O’Rourke D. "The physiological effects of slow breathing in the healthy human". Breathe. 2017; 13(4): 298-309. DOI: 10.1183/20734735.009817.

[40] Foster C, Cotter H. "Blood lactate, respiratory and heart rate markers on the capacity for sustained exercise". Physiological Assessment of Human Fitness. 2006; 2: 63-76.

[41] Yamamoto Y, Takei Y, Mutoh Y, Miyashita M. "Delayed appearance of blood lactate with reduced frequency breathing during exercise". European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology. 1988; 57(4): 462-6.

[42] Chiappa GR, Roseguini BT, Alves CN, Ferlin EL, Neder JA, Ribeiro JP. "Blood lactate during recovery from intense exercise: Impact of inspiratory loading". Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2008; 40(1): 111.

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[44] Çakir E, Yüksek S, Asma B, Arslanoglu E. "Effects of different environment temperatures on some motor characteristics and muscle strength". International Journal of Environmental and Science Education. 2016; 11(10): 3985-93. DOI: 10.12973/ijese.2016.308a.

[45] Rodrigues P, Trajano GS, Stewart IB, Minett GM. "Potential role of passively increased muscle temperature on contractile function". European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2022; 122(10): 2153-62. DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04991-7.

[46] Zois J, Bishop D, Fairweather I, Ball K, Aughey R. "High-intensity re-warm-ups enhance soccer performance". International Journal of Sports Medicine. 2013; 34(09): 800-5. DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1331197.

[47] Bieleke M, Wolff W. "That escalated quickly—Planning to ignore RPE can backfire". Frontiers in Physiology. 2017; 8: 736. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00736.

[48] Hanselman EE. The Effect of External Heat and Humidity on Levels of Perceived Exertion While Performing a Submaximal Bicycle Test. Masters Theses. 1995 https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/4506.

[49] Tucker R. "The anticipatory regulation of performance: the physiological basis for pacing strategies and the development of a perception-based model for exercise performance". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2009; 43(6): 392-400.

[50] Charry D, Wang T, McLaurin N, Leelartapin K, Ponlasen S, Suksom D, et al. "Effectiveness of different recovery postures during high-intensity interval training: 2109". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2023; 55(9S): 686. DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15109-7.

[51] Tessitore A, Meeusen R, Pagano R, Benvenuti C, Tiberi M, Capranica L. "Effectiveness of active versus passive recovery strategies after futsal games". The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2008; 22(5): 1402-12.

[52] Cruz-Montecinos C, Bustamante A, Candia-González M, González-Bravo C, Gallardo-Molina P, Andersen LL, et al. "Perceived physical exertion is a good indicator of neuromuscular fatigue for the core muscles". Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 2019; 49: 102360. DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2019.102360.

[53] Zhao H, Nishioka T, Okada J. "Validity of using perceived exertion to assess muscle fatigue during resistance exercises". Peer J. 2022; 10:e13019. DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00620-8.

Volume 16, Issue 2
July 2024
Pages 179-189

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The effects of three different recovery postures during the half-time break on fatigue and body temperature in football players

[1] Alshuwaier GO, Ghazzawi HA, Alaqil AI, Alsharif YR, Alibrahim MS, Aljaloud KS. "The effect of intensity soccer training sessions on marked biochemical indicators of blood acidity of saudi young soccer players". Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine. 2022; 13: 17.

[2] Mohr M, Krustrup P, Bangsbo J. "Fatigue in soccer: A brief review". Journal of sports Sciences. 2005; 23(6): 593-9.

[3] Russell M, Kingsley MI. "Changes in acid-base balance during simulated soccer match play". The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2012; 26(9): 2593-9. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31823f284e.

[4] Takahashi T, Okada A, Saitoh T, Hayano J, Miyamoto Y. "Difference in human cardiovascular response between upright and supine recovery from upright cycle exercise". European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2000; 81(3): 233-9.

[5] Taoutaou Z, Granier P, Mercier B, Mercier J, Ahmaidi S, Prefaut C. "Lactate kinetics during passive and partially active recovery in endurance and sprint athletes". European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology. 1996; 73(5): 465-70.

[6] Buchheit M, Al Haddad H, Laursen P, Ahmaidi S. "Effect of body posture on postexercise parasympathetic reactivation in men". Experimental Physiology. 2009; 94(7): 795-804.

[7] Javorka M, Zila I, Balharek T, Javorka K. "Heart rate recovery after exercise: relations to heart rate variability and complexity". Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2002; 35: 991-1000.

[8] Buchheit M, Simpson M, Al Haddad H, Bourdon P, Mendez-Villanueva A. "Monitoring changes in physical performance with heart rate measures in young soccer players". European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2012; 112(2): 711-23. DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2014-0.

[9] Barak OF, Ovcin ZB, Jakovljevic DG, Lozanov-Crvenkovic Z, Brodie DA, Grujic NG. "Heart rate recovery after submaximal exercise in four different recovery protocols in male athletes and non-athletes". Journal of Sports Science & Medicine. 2011; 10(2): 369. PU201107005873.

[10] Toya K, Sasano K, Takasoh T, Nishimoto T, Fujimoto Y, Kusumoto Y, et al. "Ankle positions and exercise intervals effect on the blood flow velocity in the common femoral vein during ankle pumping exercises". Journal of Physical Therapy Science. 2016; 28(2): 685-8. DOI: 10.1589/jpts.28.685.

[11] Kwon OY, Jung DY, Kim Y, Cho SH, Yi CH. "Effects of ankle exercise combined with deep breathing on blood flow velocity in the femoral vein". Australian Journal of Physiotherapy. 2003; 49(4): 253-8.

[12] Attanà P, Lazzeri C, Picariello C, Dini CS, Gensini GF, Valente S. "Lactate and lactate clearance in acute cardiac care patients". European Heart Journal: Acute Cardiovascular Care. 2012; 1(2): 115-21. DOI: 10.1177/2048872612451168.

[13] Nielsen HB, Febbraio MA, Ott P, Krustrup P, Secher NH. "Hepatic lactate uptake versus leg lactate output during exercise in humans". Journal of Applied Physiology. 2007; 103(4): 1227-33.

[14] Bangsbo J, Iaia FM, Krustrup P. "Metabolic response and fatigue in soccer". International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 2007; 2(2): 111-27.

[15] Coutts AJ, Rampinini E, Marcora SM, Castagna C, Impellizzeri FM. "Heart rate and blood lactate correlates of perceived exertion during small-sided soccer games". Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2009; 12(1): 79-84.

[17] Mohr M, Krustrup P, Nybo L, Nielsen JJ, Bangsbo J. "Muscle temperature and sprint performance during soccer matches–beneficial effect of re‐warm‐up at half‐time". Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2004; 14(3): 156-62.

[18] Torres-Luque G, Lara-Sánchez A. "Rate of perceived exertion as a useful tool during a football competition in young soccer players". Cuadernos de Psicologia del Deporte. 2014; 14(1): 75-81. DOI: 10.4321/S1578-84232014000100009.

[19] Mohr M, Nybo L, Grantham J, Racinais S. "Physiological responses and physical performance during football in the heat". PloS one. 2012; 7(6): e39202. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039202.

[20] Altarriba-Bartes A, Pena J, Vicens-Bordas J, Mila-Villaroel R, Calleja-Gonzalez J. "Post-competition recovery strategies in elite male soccer players. Effects on performance: Asystematic review and meta-analysis". PloS one. 2020; 15(10): e0240135. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240135.

[21] Towlson C, Midgley AW, Lovell R. "Warm-up strategies of professional soccer players: practitioners' perspectives". Journal of Sports Sciences. 2013; 31(13): 1393-401. DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2013.792946.

[22] Russell M, West DJ, Harper LD, Cook CJ, Kilduff LP. "Half-time strategies to enhance second-half performance in team-sports players: a review and recommendations". Sports Medicine. 2015; 45(3): 353-64. DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0297-0.

[23] Kaya S, Cug M, Behm DG. "Foam rolling during a simulated half-time attenuates subsequent soccer-specific performance decrements". Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 2021; 26: 193-200.

[24] Association WM. "World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects". Jama. 2013; 310(20): 2191-4. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2013.281053.

[25] Russell M, Rees G, Benton D, Kingsley M. "An exercise protocol that replicates soccer match-play". International Journal of Sports Medicine. 2011; 32(07): 511-8. DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1273742.

[26] Chung HY, Chung HJ, Chun S, Lee W, Min WK. "Evaluation of the blood gas analyzer GEM Premier 4000". Journal of Laboratory Medicine and Quality Assurance. 2009: 207-14.

[27] Asadian S, Khatony A, Moradi G, Abdi A, Rezaei M. "Accuracy and precision of four common peripheral temperature measurement methods in intensive care patients". Medical Devices (Auckland, NZ). 2016; 9: 301. DOI: 10.2147/MDER.S109904.

[29] Michaelson JV, Brilla LR, Suprak DN, McLaughlin WL, Dahlquist DT. "Effects of two different recovery postures during high-intensity interval training". Translational Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine. 2019; 4(4): 23-7. DOI: 10.1249/TJX.0000000000000079.

[30] Yudkin J, Cohen R. "The contribution of the kidney to the removal of a lactic acid load under normal and acidotic conditions in the conscious rat". Clinical Science and Molecular Medicine. 1975; 48(2): 121-31.

[31] Bellomo R. "Bench-to-bedside review: lactate and the kidney". Critical Care. 2002; 6(4): 1-5.

[32] Goraya N, Wesson DE. "Overview of acid–base physiology" (pp 1-6). Wesson DE (ed). Metabolic Acidosis; A Guide to Clinical Assessment and Management. Springer: New York. 2016.

[33] Hopkins E, Sanvictores T, Sharma S. Physiology, acid base balance. StatPearls. 2018. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL); 2023. PMID: 29939584.

[34] Klabunde R. Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2011.

[35] Navalta JW, Stephen P, Hrncir J. "Core stabilization exercises enhance lactate clearance following high-intensity exercise". The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2007; 21(4): 1305-9.

[36] Pitt KT. The Effect of Static Stretching on Lactate Removal during Recovery from High Intensity Exercise. University of Nevada, Las Vegas. 1995.

[37] Siegler J, Bell-Wilson J, Mermier C, Faria E, Robergs R. "Active and passive recovery and acid-base kinetics following multiple bouts of intense exercise to exhaustion". International Journal of Sport Nutrition and exercise Metabolism. 2006; 16(1): 92-107.

[38] Drigas A, Mitsea E. "Breathing: a Powerfull Tool for Physical & Neuropsychological Regulation. The role of Mobile Apps". Technium Soc Sci J. 2022; 28: 135. DOI: 10.47577/tssj.v28i1.5922.

[39] Russo MA, Santarelli DM, O’Rourke D. "The physiological effects of slow breathing in the healthy human". Breathe. 2017; 13(4): 298-309. DOI: 10.1183/20734735.009817.

[40] Foster C, Cotter H. "Blood lactate, respiratory and heart rate markers on the capacity for sustained exercise". Physiological Assessment of Human Fitness. 2006; 2: 63-76.

[41] Yamamoto Y, Takei Y, Mutoh Y, Miyashita M. "Delayed appearance of blood lactate with reduced frequency breathing during exercise". European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology. 1988; 57(4): 462-6.

[42] Chiappa GR, Roseguini BT, Alves CN, Ferlin EL, Neder JA, Ribeiro JP. "Blood lactate during recovery from intense exercise: Impact of inspiratory loading". Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2008; 40(1): 111.

[43] Calleja-González J, Mielgo-Ayuso J, Sampaio J, Delextrat A, Ostojic SM, Marques-Jiménez D, et al. "Brief ideas about evidence-based recovery in team sports". Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation. 2018; 14(4): 545. DOI: 10.12965/jer.1836244.122.

[44] Çakir E, Yüksek S, Asma B, Arslanoglu E. "Effects of different environment temperatures on some motor characteristics and muscle strength". International Journal of Environmental and Science Education. 2016; 11(10): 3985-93. DOI: 10.12973/ijese.2016.308a.

[45] Rodrigues P, Trajano GS, Stewart IB, Minett GM. "Potential role of passively increased muscle temperature on contractile function". European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2022; 122(10): 2153-62. DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04991-7.

[46] Zois J, Bishop D, Fairweather I, Ball K, Aughey R. "High-intensity re-warm-ups enhance soccer performance". International Journal of Sports Medicine. 2013; 34(09): 800-5. DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1331197.

[47] Bieleke M, Wolff W. "That escalated quickly—Planning to ignore RPE can backfire". Frontiers in Physiology. 2017; 8: 736. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00736.

[48] Hanselman EE. The Effect of External Heat and Humidity on Levels of Perceived Exertion While Performing a Submaximal Bicycle Test. Masters Theses. 1995 https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/4506.

[49] Tucker R. "The anticipatory regulation of performance: the physiological basis for pacing strategies and the development of a perception-based model for exercise performance". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2009; 43(6): 392-400.

[50] Charry D, Wang T, McLaurin N, Leelartapin K, Ponlasen S, Suksom D, et al. "Effectiveness of different recovery postures during high-intensity interval training: 2109". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2023; 55(9S): 686. DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15109-7.

[51] Tessitore A, Meeusen R, Pagano R, Benvenuti C, Tiberi M, Capranica L. "Effectiveness of active versus passive recovery strategies after futsal games". The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2008; 22(5): 1402-12.

[53] Zhao H, Nishioka T, Okada J. "Validity of using perceived exertion to assess muscle fatigue during resistance exercises". Peer J. 2022; 10:e13019. DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00620-8.

Volume 16, Issue 2July 2024Pages 179-189

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Volume 16, Issue 2
July 2024
Pages 179-189