The influence of neuromuscular training and Ca-Mg-Zn therapy on reaction time and electromechanical delay in taekwondo athletes

Zarneshan, Azam; Esmelay, Leyla; Esmelay, BABAK

doi:10.22059/sshr.2024.378153.1149

The influence of neuromuscular training and Ca-Mg-Zn therapy on reaction time and electromechanical delay in taekwondo athletes

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

¹ Department of Sport Science, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.

² Master of Medical-Surgical nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.

³ Master of exercise physiology, Faculty of physical education and sport sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.

10.22059/sshr.2024.378153.1149

Abstract

Background: Neuromuscular training (NMT) and supplementation with essential minerals such as calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and zinc (Zn) may enhance muscular reaction time (RT) and electromechanical delay (EMD). However, research on this topic, particularly among taekwondo athletes, is limited.
Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of NMT and Cal-Mg-Zn supplementation on RT and EMD in taekwondo athletes.
Materials and Methods: Sixty athletes from a single taekwondo club in Tabriz, Iran, were randomly assigned to four groups of fifteen: Control, Ca-Mg-Zn, NMT, and Cal-Mg-Zn + NMT. NMT was conducted in 60 min sessions, four times a week, for six consecutive weeks, prior to main taekwondo training. RT and EMD were measured using electromyography before the intervention (T1), three weeks after (T2), and six weeks after (T3). Data were analyzed using SPSS with a confidence level greater than 0.95, employing repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests.
Results: No significant differences in RT and EMD were observed among the groups at baseline (P> 0.05). In both post-test assessments, the Cal-Mg-Zn + NMT group exhibited significantly lower RT and EMD compared to the other groups (P< 0.05).
Conclusion: The inclusion of NMT with zinc supplementation can effectively improve RT and EMD, thereby enhancing the athletic performance of taekwondo athletes.

Keywords

References

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The influence of neuromuscular training and Ca-Mg-Zn therapy on reaction time and electromechanical delay in taekwondo athletes

References

[1] Altarriba-Bartes A, Drobnic F, Til L, Malliaropoulos N, Montoro JB, Irurtia A. "Epidemiology of injuries in elite taekwondo athletes: two Olympic periods cross-sectional retrospective study". BMJ Open. 2014; 4(2): e004605. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004605.

[3] Hakimi Poor M, Rajabi R, Alizadeh MH, Zandi S. "Kinematic changes of the lower limb in individuals with chronic ankle instability during unilateral landing tasks: A systematic review". PTJ. 2022; 12(3): 133-146.

[4] Polat SÇ, Akman O, Orhan Ö. "A comparison of the reaction times of elite male taekwondo and kickboxing athletes". The Online Journal of Recreation and Sports. 2018; 7(2): 32-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22282/ojrs.2018.32.

[5] Sant’Ana J, Franchini E, da Silva V, Diefenthaeler F. "Effect of fatigue on reaction time, response time, performance time, and kick impact in taekwondo roundhouse kick". Sports Biomechanics. 2017; 16(2): 201-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2016.1217347.

[6] Heering T, Lander N, Barnett LM, Duncan MJ. "What is needed to reduce the risk of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in children?–Hearing from experts". Physical Therapy in Sport. 2023; 61: 37-44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2023.02.007.

[7] Sant'Ana J, Sakugawa RL, Diefenthaeler F. "The effect of a pace training session on internal load and neuromuscular parameters in taekwondo athletes". Frontiers in Physiology. 2021; 12: 710627. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.710627.

[8] El-Ashker S. "Differences in electromechanical delay subsequent to neuromuscular fatigue: A potential relationship to physical fitness training". international journal of sports science and arts. 2019; 3(02): 58-71. DOI: 10.21608/eijssa.2019.87512.

[9] Schmid L, Klotz T, Siebert T, Röhrle O. "Characterization of electromechanical delay based on a biophysical multi-scale skeletal muscle model". Frontiers in Physiology. 2019; 10: 1270. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.01270.

[11] Mahdieh L, Zolaktaf V, Karimi MT. "Effects of dynamic neuromuscular stabilization (DNS) training on functional movements". Human Movement Science. 2020; 70: 102568. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2019.102568.

[12] Akbar S, Soh KG, Jazaily Mohd Nasiruddin N, Bashir M, Cao S, Soh KL. "Effects of neuromuscular training on athletes physical fitness in sports: A systematic review". Frontiers in Physiology. 2022; 13:939042. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.939042.

[13] Samadi H, Rajabi R, Karimizadeh Ardakani M. "The effect of six weeks of neuromuscular training on joint position sense and lower extremity function in male athletes with functional ankle instability". Journal of Exercise Science and Medicine. 2017; 9(1): 15-33. DOI: 10.22059/jsmed.2017.62869.

[15] Zhao W, Wang C, Bi Y, Chen L. "Effect of integrative neuromuscular training for injury prevention and sports performance of female badminton players". BioMed Research International. 2021; 2021(1): 5555853. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5555853.

[16] Homaye Razavi SS, Shojaedin SS, Karimi Z, Barzeh S. "Effect of six weeks of neuromuscular and performance balance training on balance and performance lower extremity climber girls". Physical Treatments-Specific Physical Therapy Journal. 2020; 10(4): 213-20.

[17] Baek S, Park JB, Choi SH, Lee JD, Nam SS. "Effects of taekwondo training on body composition: A systematic review and meta-analysis". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(21): 11550. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111550.

[18] Yamaguchi M. "Role of nutritional zinc in the prevention of osteoporosis". Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2010; 338: 241-54. DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0358-0.

[19] Uwitonze AM, Razzaque MS. "Role of magnesium in vitamin D activation and function". Journal of Osteopathic Medicine. 2018; 118(3): 181-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7556/jaoa.2018.037.

[20] Nielsen FH. "Magnesium deficiency and increased inflammation: Current perspectives". Journal of Inflammation Research. 2018: 11: 25-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/JIR.S136742.

[22] Morais JBS, Severo JS, de Alencar GRR, de Oliveira ARS, Cruz KJC, do Nascimento Marreiro D, et al. "Effect of magnesium supplementation on insulin resistance in humans: A systematic review". Nutrition. 2017; 38: 54-60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2017.01.009.

[23] Owens DS, Benton D. "The impact of raising blood glucose on reaction times". Neuropsychobiology. 1994; 30(2-3): 106-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000119146.

[24] Buonocore D, Negro M, Arcelli E, Marzatico F. "Anti-inflammatory dietary interventions and supplements to improve performance during athletic training". Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2015; 34(sup1): 62-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2015.1080548

[25] Wienecke E, Nolden C. "Long-term HRV analysis shows stress reduction by magnesium intake". MMW-Fortschritte der Medizin. 2016; 158: 12-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s15006-016-9054-7.

[26] Ciucurel MM. "The relation between anxiety, reaction time and performance before and after sport competitions". Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2012; 33: 885-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.01.249.

[27] Choudhary AK, Kishanrao SS, Dhanvijay AKD, Alam T. "Sleep restriction may lead to disruption in physiological attention and reaction time". Sleep Science. 2016; 9(3): 207-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.slsci.2016.09.001.

[28] Gholipour Baradari A, Alipour A, Mahdavi A, Sharifi H, Nouraei SM, Emami Zeydi A. "The effect of zinc supplementation on sleep quality of ICU nurses: a double blinded randomized controlled trial". Workplace Health & Safety. 2018; 66(4): 191-200. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2165079917734880.

[29] Fatahi A, Dehnavi M. "Comparison the effect of neuromuscular exercises with other training modalities on balance and motor function in people with chronic ankle instability: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Archives of Rehabilitation. 2022; 23(3): 310-33.

[30] Sharma R. "Effects of integrative neuromuscular training on reaction time of young cricketers". Indian Journal of Physical Education, Sports Medicine & Exercise Science. 2018; 18(1): 172-7. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.939042.

[31] Concha-Cisternas Y, Castro-Piñero J, Leiva-Ordóñez AM, Valdés-Badilla P, Celis-Morales C, Guzmán-Muñoz E. "Effects of neuromuscular training on physical performance in older people: A systematic review". Life. 2023; 13(4): 869. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/life13040869.

[32] Chen PW, Baune NA, Zwir I, Wang J, Swamidass V, Wong AWK. "Measuring Activities of daily living in stroke patients with motion machine learning algorithms: A pilot study". Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021; 18(4): 1643. PMID: 33572116; PMCID: PMC7915561; DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041634.

[33] Nunes AC, Cattuzzo MT, Faigenbaum AD, Mortatti AL. "Effects of integrative neuromuscular training and detraining on countermovement jump performance in youth volleyball players". The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2021; 35(8): 2242-7. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003092.

[34] de Queiroz RS, Saquetto MB, Martinez BP, Cazeta BBR, Hodgson C, Neto MG. "Progressive active mobilization with dose control and training load in critically ill patients (PROMOB): Protocol for a randomized controlled trial". Plos One. 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238352.

[35] Locci S, Cardani R, Brunori P, Lucchiari S, Comi GP, Federico A, de Stefano N, Meola G, Mignarri A. " Co-occurrence of DMPK expansion and CLCN1 mutation in a patient with myotonia". Neurological Sciences. 2021; 42(12): 5365-5368. DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05538-y.

[37] İpekoğlu G, Erdogan CS, Er F, Colakoglu FF, Baltaci G. "Effect of 12 week neuromuscular weighted rope jump training on lower extremity reaction time". Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise. 2018; 20(2): 111-5. DOI: 10.15314/tsed.422945.

[38] Blackburn JT, Norcross MF, Cannon LN, Zinder SM. "Hamstrings stiffness and landing biomechanics linked to anterior cruciate ligament loading". Journal of Athletic Training. 2013; 48(6): 764-72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-48.4.01.

[40] Zouhal H, Abderrahman AB, Dupont G, Truptin P, Le Bris R, Le Postec E, et al. "Effects of neuromuscular training on agility performance in elite soccer players". Frontiers in Physiology. 2019; 10: 947. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00947.

[41] Turna B. "The effect of agility training on reaction time in fencers". Journal of Education and Learning. 2020; 9(1): 127-35. DOI:10.5539/jel.v9n1p127.

[43] Moghaddam MF, Rakhshani T, Khosravi M. "Effectiveness of methylphenidate supplemented by zinc, calcium, and magnesium for treatment of ADHD patients in the city of Zahedan". Shiraz E-Medical Journal. 2016; 17(9). DOI: https://doi.org/10.17795/semj40019.

[44] Lee N. "A review of magnesium, iron, and zinc supplementation effects on athletic performance". Korean Journal of Sport Studies. 2017; 56(1). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.23949/kjpe.2017.01.56.1.59.

[45] Hernández-Camacho JD, Vicente-García C, Parsons DS, Navas-Enamorado I. "Zinc at the crossroads of exercise and proteostasis". Redox Biology. 2020; 35: 101529. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2020.101529.

[47] hang Y, Xun P, Wang R, Mao L, He K. "Can magnesium enhance exercise performance?". Nutrients. 2017; 9(9): 946. PMCID: PMC5622706 DOI: 10.3390/nu9090946.

Volume 16, Issue 2July 2024Pages 191-204

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Volume 16, Issue 2
July 2024
Pages 191-204