The prevalence of certain upper body abnormalities and their association with mental health among female students at Payame Noor University

Pourmaveddat, Khatoon; Pourmavaddat, Fatemeh Alzahra

doi:10.22059/sshr.2024.369970.1115

The prevalence of certain upper body abnormalities and their association with mental health among female students at Payame Noor University

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

¹ Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Payame Noor University (PNU), P.O. Box 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran

² Lecture, Senior expert in corrective Exercises, physical education department. Payame Noor University (PNU), P.O. Box 19395-4697, Tehran, Iran

10.22059/sshr.2024.369970.1115

Abstract

Background: The modern increase in mechanical and sedentary lifestyles has led to a rise in musculoskeletal abnormalities within society. These physical irregularities may influence individual mental health.
Aim: This study explores the correlation between upper body musculoskeletal abnormalities and mental health among female students at Payame Noor University, Bushehr.
Material and Methods: A total of 173 female students were selected via convenience sampling for this cross-sectional study. The presence of scoliosis, forward head posture, kyphosis, and increased lordosis was assessed using a flexible ruler, the New York Test, a chessboard, and a scoliometer. Body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were also measured. Participants completed the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28). Statistical analysis was conducted using one-sample t-tests and Pearson’s correlation coefficient, with a significance threshold set at P< 0.05.
Results: The findings indicated that lordosis was significantly more prevalent among students aged 15 to 24 (t=31.5, P= 0.001) and those aged 25 and above (t=57.3, P= 0.003), compared to societal norms. Other assessed abnormalities were within normal ranges. Mental health vulnerabilities were noted in specific domains; however, no significant correlation was found between mental health status and the physical abnormalities studied.
Conclusion: While lordosis was notably more common among the study's participants than in the general population, the incidence of other musculoskeletal abnormalities aligned with societal averages. No substantial impact of these physical conditions on mental health was observed. It is advisable to integrate educational initiatives and corrective exercise programs into the curriculum for educators, coaches, and students to promote overall well-being.

Keywords

References

[1] Jeong HJ, Kim BJ. "The effect of thoracic joint mobilization on the changes of the thoracic kyphosis angle and static and dynamic balance". Biomedical Science Letters. 2019; 25(2): 149-58. doi: https://doi.org/10.15616/BSL.2019.25.2.149.

[2] Seidi FGL, Fadaee EJK. "Relationship between the forward head and thoracic hyper-kyphosis deformities with body image in non-athletes females". Koomesh. 2016; 18(1): 102-9. doi: https://koomeshjournal.semums.ac.ir/article-1-3154-en.html.

[3] Jung SH, Hwang UJ, Kim JH, Ha SM, Kwon OY. "Correlation among non-radiological measurements for thoracic kyphosis". Journal of Musculoskeletal Science and Technology. 2020; 4(1): 1-5. doi: https://doi.org/10.29273/jmst.2020.4.1.1.

[4] Czaprowski D, Stoliński Ł, Tyrakowski M, Kozinoga M, Kotwicki T. "Non-structural misalignments of body posture in the sagittal plane". Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders. 2018; 13: 6. doi: 10.1186/s13013-018-0151-5.

[5] Haleem S, Nnadi C. "Scoliosis: a review". Paediatrics and Child Health. 2018; 28(5): 209-17. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paed.2018.03.007.

[6] Dawood RS, Abdelraouf OR, Mehmed S, Moubarak EE, Elborady AA. "Assessment of core endurance and shoulder proprioception in dental students with and without forward head posture". Bulletin of Faculty of Physical Therapy. 2023; 28(1): 19. doi: https://doi.org/0.1186/s43161-023-00131-0.

[7] Menon KV, Tahasildar NS. "What constitutes shoulder imbalance in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis? Aesthetic Threshold for Surgical Correction". World Neurosurgery. 2020; 138: e827-e38. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.03.106.

[8] Sheikh Ansari M, Bijan Nejad D, Molavynejad S, Fakoor M. "Investigation of the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and some related factors among the nursing population of educational hospitals in ahvaz city, Iran". Nursing and Midwifery Journal. 2023; 20(12): 964-72V. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/unmf.20.12.964.

[9] Rashidi M, Ghorbani R. "Assessment of spinal cord abnormalities and its related factors in male students of Islamic Azad University at Semnan". Advances in Nursing & Midwifery. 2010; 19(69): 25-30. doi: https://journals.sbmu.ac.ir/en-jnm/article/view/1786.

[10] Aliabadi F, Askary kachoosangy, R., Qorbani, M. "Evaluation of postural abnormalities and their relationship with age and gender in primary students in Tehran". Journal of Research in Rehabilitation Sciences. 2014; 10(1): 151-7. doi: 10.22122/jrrs.v10i1.1091.

[11] BorhanZehi KH, Ebrahimi Rigi Z, Yazdan-Parast E, Dadpisheh S, Ebrahimi Rigi H. "Investigation of the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and its relationship with negative affect in nurses: a descriptive-analytical study". Occupational Medicine. 2021; 13(1): 42-52. doi: https://publish.kne-publishing.com/index.php/TKJ/article/view/6581.

[12] Amiri FN, Forghani Ozrudi O. "Evaluation of kyphosis in Mazandaran University of Science and Technology students and its relation to psychological factors". Turkish Journal of Kinesiology. 2021; 7(1): 39-43. doi: https://doi.org/10.31459/turkjkin.855111.

[13] Hosseini SM, Alizadeh MH, Farokhi A. "A comparison of body image between individuals with idiopathic scoliosis and healthy individuals". Journal of Exercise Science and Medicine. 2015; 7(2): 163-74. dio: https://doi.org/10.22059/jsmed.2015.56538.

[14] Karaman S, Özdemir Ö. "The effect of low back and neck pain on posture, burnout, and quality of life in formal caregivers of children with disabilities and the elderly". Irish Journal of Medical Science. 2023; 192(5): 2059-64. doi: 10.1007/s11845-023-03286-w. Epub 2023 Jan 23.

[15] Jahanlou AS, Kouzekanani K. "The development of appropriate waist-to-hip ratio cut-off points: Survey in large Iranian adult population". Avicenna Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2015; 22(2): 144-51. URL: http://sjh.umsha.ac.ir/article-1-45-en.html.

[16] Taghavi S. "Validity and reliability of the general health questionnaire (ghq-28) in college students of Shiraz University". J Psychol. 2002; 5(4): 381-98. doi: https://www.sid.ir/paper/54489/en.

[17] Rajabi R, Latifi S. "The norm of thoracic curves (kyphosis) and lumbar curve (lordosis) in men and women". Research in Sports Science. 2010; 7: 13-30. URL: http://ptj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-390-en.html.

[18] Molarius A, Setdell JC, Sans S, Tuomilehto J, Kuulasmaa K. "Waist and hip circumferences, and waist-hip ratio in 19 populations of the WHO MONICA Project. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders". Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 1999; 23(2): 116-25. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800772.

[19] Gheitasi M, Pasandideh Z, Lordgouie M, Samavi M, Allafan N. "Effect of eight-weeks pilates exercises on non-structural scoliosis deformity and improve balance in female students." Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology. 2018; 13(26): 78-90. doi: https://doi.org/10.22080/jaep.2017.9708.1472.

[20] Karimian R, Rahnama N, Ghasemi Gh, Lenjannejadian S. "Association between Upper-extremity musculoskeletal disorders and upper cross syndrome among teachers, and the effects of nasm corrective exercises along with ergonomic intervention on their upper-extremity musculoskeletal disorders". Studies in Medical Sciences. 2020; 31(10): 753-63. URL: http://umj.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-4888-en.html.

[21] Norbakhsh MR, Mosavi SJ. "Repeatitive and validity of flexible ruler in measuring lumbar lordosis". Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2002; 12(36): 46-51. URL: http://jmums.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-325-en.html.

[22] Beyranvand R, Sani M, Azargoun M. "The assessment of musculoskeletal condition and its relationship with years of service and level of physical and mental health in NEDAJA submarine crews of Bandar Abbas in 2016". Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. 2018; 17(1): 15-26. URL: http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-3991-en.html.

[23] Gharakhanlou R, Agha-Alinejad H, Farzad B, Bayati M. "Waist circumference and waist to hip ratio as predictors of cardiovascular disease risk factors in Iran". Payesh (Health Monitor) Journal. 2014; 13(2): 145-53. URL: http://payeshjournal.ir/article-1-309-en.html.

[24] Farahani A, Aghayari A, Keshavarz L, Rohi I. "Studying outbreak of spinal column abnormalities & its relationship with rest habit with respect to anthropometric & ergonometric properties of educable mentally retarded children of Kurdistan Province". Journal of Exceptional Children. 2013; 13(1): 59-68. URL: http://joec.ir/article-1-181-en.html.

[25] Farahani A, Hoseini S, Aghayary A, Ghorbani Ghahfarokhi L. "The relation between body composition and spinal lordosis and kyphosis abnormalities in women". Journal of Research in Rehabilitation Sciences. 2012; 8(3). 541-552 doi: 10.22122/JRRS.V8I3.506. [in Persian]

[26] Shaghayegh-Fard B, Ahmadi A, Ma'roufi N, Sarraf-Zadeh J. "The evaluation of cervical position sense in forward head posture subjects and compares it with normal subjects". Archives of Rehabilitation. 2015; 16(1): 48-57. URL: http://rehabilitationj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1539-en.html.

[27] Mehri A, Sedighi KZ. "Assessment of mental health status and some related factors among students of Sabzevar Universities in 2010". Medical Sciences Journal of Islamic Azad University. 2012; 21(4): 293-304. URL: http://tmuj.iautmu.ac.ir/article-1-530-en.html.

[28] Dessauvagie AS, Dang HM, Nguyen TAT, Gunter G. "Mental health of university students in Southeastern Asia: a systematic review". Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health. 2022; 34(2-3): 172-81. doi: 10.1177/10105395211055545.

[29] Shahabinejad M, Sadeghi T, Salem Z. "Assessment the mental health of nursing". Journal of Nursing Education. 2016; 4(2): 29-37. URL: http://ijpn.ir/article-1-783-en.html.

[30] Zaborova V, Zolinkova O, Dzhakhaya N, Prokhorova S, Izotov A, Butkova T, Pustovoyt V, Yurku K, Shestakov D, Zaytseva T, Shafaei H. "Associations between physical activity and kyphosis and lumbar lordosis abnormalities, pain, and quality of life in healthy older adults: a cross-sectional study". Healthcare. 2023; 11(19): 2651. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11192651.

[31] Bruffaerts R, Demyttenaere K, Vilagut G, Martinez M, Bonnewyn A, De Graaf R, Haro JM, Bernert S, Angermeyer MC, Brugha T, Roick C, Alonso J. "The relation between body mass index, mental health, and functional disability: a European population perspective". Canadian Journal of Psychiatry Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie. 2008; 53(10): 679-88. doi: 10.1177/070674370805301007

[32] Amin V FC, Flores-Lagunes A. The impact of BMI on mental health: Further evidence from genetic markers. Economics and human biology. 2020;38:100895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2020.

[33] Ho RCM, Niti M, Kua EH, Ng TP. "Body mass index, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio and depressive symptoms in Chinese elderly: a population-based study". International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2008; 23(4): 401-8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.1893.

[34] Rafati F, Pilevarzadeh M, Salari S, Mohamadi M, Pormehr A. "Relationship between BMI and mental health in nursing students of Jiroft". Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2012; 14(2): 135-41. URL: http://ijem.sbmu.ac.ir/article-1-1117-en.html.

[35] Samadi H. "Investigating the relationship between the degree of kyphosis and psychological factors in male students of Tehran University". Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health. 2008; 10(37): 55-61. doi: https://doi.org/10.22038/jfmh.2008.1776. [in Persian]

[36] O'Loughlin R, Hiscock H, Pan T, Devlin N, Dalziel K. "The relationship between physical and mental health multimorbidity and children's health-related quality of life". Quality of Life Research : An International Journal of Quality Of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation. 2022; 31(7): 2119-31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-022-03095-1.

Article View: 134
PDF Download: 244

The prevalence of certain upper body abnormalities and their association with mental health among female students at Payame Noor University

References

[1] Jeong HJ, Kim BJ. "The effect of thoracic joint mobilization on the changes of the thoracic kyphosis angle and static and dynamic balance". Biomedical Science Letters. 2019; 25(2): 149-58. doi: https://doi.org/10.15616/BSL.2019.25.2.149.

[2] Seidi FGL, Fadaee EJK. "Relationship between the forward head and thoracic hyper-kyphosis deformities with body image in non-athletes females". Koomesh. 2016; 18(1): 102-9. doi: https://koomeshjournal.semums.ac.ir/article-1-3154-en.html.

[3] Jung SH, Hwang UJ, Kim JH, Ha SM, Kwon OY. "Correlation among non-radiological measurements for thoracic kyphosis". Journal of Musculoskeletal Science and Technology. 2020; 4(1): 1-5. doi: https://doi.org/10.29273/jmst.2020.4.1.1.

[4] Czaprowski D, Stoliński Ł, Tyrakowski M, Kozinoga M, Kotwicki T. "Non-structural misalignments of body posture in the sagittal plane". Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders. 2018; 13: 6. doi: 10.1186/s13013-018-0151-5.

[5] Haleem S, Nnadi C. "Scoliosis: a review". Paediatrics and Child Health. 2018; 28(5): 209-17. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paed.2018.03.007.

[6] Dawood RS, Abdelraouf OR, Mehmed S, Moubarak EE, Elborady AA. "Assessment of core endurance and shoulder proprioception in dental students with and without forward head posture". Bulletin of Faculty of Physical Therapy. 2023; 28(1): 19. doi: https://doi.org/0.1186/s43161-023-00131-0.

[7] Menon KV, Tahasildar NS. "What constitutes shoulder imbalance in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis? Aesthetic Threshold for Surgical Correction". World Neurosurgery. 2020; 138: e827-e38. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.03.106.

[9] Rashidi M, Ghorbani R. "Assessment of spinal cord abnormalities and its related factors in male students of Islamic Azad University at Semnan". Advances in Nursing & Midwifery. 2010; 19(69): 25-30. doi: https://journals.sbmu.ac.ir/en-jnm/article/view/1786.

[10] Aliabadi F, Askary kachoosangy, R., Qorbani, M. "Evaluation of postural abnormalities and their relationship with age and gender in primary students in Tehran". Journal of Research in Rehabilitation Sciences. 2014; 10(1): 151-7. doi: 10.22122/jrrs.v10i1.1091.

[12] Amiri FN, Forghani Ozrudi O. "Evaluation of kyphosis in Mazandaran University of Science and Technology students and its relation to psychological factors". Turkish Journal of Kinesiology. 2021; 7(1): 39-43. doi: https://doi.org/10.31459/turkjkin.855111.

[13] Hosseini SM, Alizadeh MH, Farokhi A. "A comparison of body image between individuals with idiopathic scoliosis and healthy individuals". Journal of Exercise Science and Medicine. 2015; 7(2): 163-74. dio: https://doi.org/10.22059/jsmed.2015.56538.

[14] Karaman S, Özdemir Ö. "The effect of low back and neck pain on posture, burnout, and quality of life in formal caregivers of children with disabilities and the elderly". Irish Journal of Medical Science. 2023; 192(5): 2059-64. doi: 10.1007/s11845-023-03286-w. Epub 2023 Jan 23.

[15] Jahanlou AS, Kouzekanani K. "The development of appropriate waist-to-hip ratio cut-off points: Survey in large Iranian adult population". Avicenna Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2015; 22(2): 144-51. URL: http://sjh.umsha.ac.ir/article-1-45-en.html.

[16] Taghavi S. "Validity and reliability of the general health questionnaire (ghq-28) in college students of Shiraz University". J Psychol. 2002; 5(4): 381-98. doi: https://www.sid.ir/paper/54489/en.

[17] Rajabi R, Latifi S. "The norm of thoracic curves (kyphosis) and lumbar curve (lordosis) in men and women". Research in Sports Science. 2010; 7: 13-30. URL: http://ptj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-390-en.html.

[19] Gheitasi M, Pasandideh Z, Lordgouie M, Samavi M, Allafan N. "Effect of eight-weeks pilates exercises on non-structural scoliosis deformity and improve balance in female students." Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology. 2018; 13(26): 78-90. doi: https://doi.org/10.22080/jaep.2017.9708.1472.

[21] Norbakhsh MR, Mosavi SJ. "Repeatitive and validity of flexible ruler in measuring lumbar lordosis". Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2002; 12(36): 46-51. URL: http://jmums.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-325-en.html.

[23] Gharakhanlou R, Agha-Alinejad H, Farzad B, Bayati M. "Waist circumference and waist to hip ratio as predictors of cardiovascular disease risk factors in Iran". Payesh (Health Monitor) Journal. 2014; 13(2): 145-53. URL: http://payeshjournal.ir/article-1-309-en.html.

[25] Farahani A, Hoseini S, Aghayary A, Ghorbani Ghahfarokhi L. "The relation between body composition and spinal lordosis and kyphosis abnormalities in women". Journal of Research in Rehabilitation Sciences. 2012; 8(3). 541-552 doi: 10.22122/JRRS.V8I3.506. [in Persian]

[26] Shaghayegh-Fard B, Ahmadi A, Ma'roufi N, Sarraf-Zadeh J. "The evaluation of cervical position sense in forward head posture subjects and compares it with normal subjects". Archives of Rehabilitation. 2015; 16(1): 48-57. URL: http://rehabilitationj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1539-en.html.

[27] Mehri A, Sedighi KZ. "Assessment of mental health status and some related factors among students of Sabzevar Universities in 2010". Medical Sciences Journal of Islamic Azad University. 2012; 21(4): 293-304. URL: http://tmuj.iautmu.ac.ir/article-1-530-en.html.

[28] Dessauvagie AS, Dang HM, Nguyen TAT, Gunter G. "Mental health of university students in Southeastern Asia: a systematic review". Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health. 2022; 34(2-3): 172-81. doi: 10.1177/10105395211055545.

[29] Shahabinejad M, Sadeghi T, Salem Z. "Assessment the mental health of nursing". Journal of Nursing Education. 2016; 4(2): 29-37. URL: http://ijpn.ir/article-1-783-en.html.

[32] Amin V FC, Flores-Lagunes A. The impact of BMI on mental health: Further evidence from genetic markers. Economics and human biology. 2020;38:100895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2020.

[33] Ho RCM, Niti M, Kua EH, Ng TP. "Body mass index, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio and depressive symptoms in Chinese elderly: a population-based study". International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2008; 23(4): 401-8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.1893.

[34] Rafati F, Pilevarzadeh M, Salari S, Mohamadi M, Pormehr A. "Relationship between BMI and mental health in nursing students of Jiroft". Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2012; 14(2): 135-41. URL: http://ijem.sbmu.ac.ir/article-1-1117-en.html.

[35] Samadi H. "Investigating the relationship between the degree of kyphosis and psychological factors in male students of Tehran University". Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health. 2008; 10(37): 55-61. doi: https://doi.org/10.22038/jfmh.2008.1776. [in Persian]

Volume 16, Issue 1
January 2024
Pages 15-24

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics

The prevalence of certain upper body abnormalities and their association with mental health among female students at Payame Noor University

References

[1] Jeong HJ, Kim BJ. "The effect of thoracic joint mobilization on the changes of the thoracic kyphosis angle and static and dynamic balance". Biomedical Science Letters. 2019; 25(2): 149-58. doi: https://doi.org/10.15616/BSL.2019.25.2.149.

[2] Seidi FGL, Fadaee EJK. "Relationship between the forward head and thoracic hyper-kyphosis deformities with body image in non-athletes females". Koomesh. 2016; 18(1): 102-9. doi: https://koomeshjournal.semums.ac.ir/article-1-3154-en.html.

[3] Jung SH, Hwang UJ, Kim JH, Ha SM, Kwon OY. "Correlation among non-radiological measurements for thoracic kyphosis". Journal of Musculoskeletal Science and Technology. 2020; 4(1): 1-5. doi: https://doi.org/10.29273/jmst.2020.4.1.1.

[4] Czaprowski D, Stoliński Ł, Tyrakowski M, Kozinoga M, Kotwicki T. "Non-structural misalignments of body posture in the sagittal plane". Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders. 2018; 13: 6. doi: 10.1186/s13013-018-0151-5.

[5] Haleem S, Nnadi C. "Scoliosis: a review". Paediatrics and Child Health. 2018; 28(5): 209-17. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paed.2018.03.007.

[6] Dawood RS, Abdelraouf OR, Mehmed S, Moubarak EE, Elborady AA. "Assessment of core endurance and shoulder proprioception in dental students with and without forward head posture". Bulletin of Faculty of Physical Therapy. 2023; 28(1): 19. doi: https://doi.org/0.1186/s43161-023-00131-0.

[7] Menon KV, Tahasildar NS. "What constitutes shoulder imbalance in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis? Aesthetic Threshold for Surgical Correction". World Neurosurgery. 2020; 138: e827-e38. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.03.106.

[9] Rashidi M, Ghorbani R. "Assessment of spinal cord abnormalities and its related factors in male students of Islamic Azad University at Semnan". Advances in Nursing & Midwifery. 2010; 19(69): 25-30. doi: https://journals.sbmu.ac.ir/en-jnm/article/view/1786.

[10] Aliabadi F, Askary kachoosangy, R., Qorbani, M. "Evaluation of postural abnormalities and their relationship with age and gender in primary students in Tehran". Journal of Research in Rehabilitation Sciences. 2014; 10(1): 151-7. doi: 10.22122/jrrs.v10i1.1091.

[12] Amiri FN, Forghani Ozrudi O. "Evaluation of kyphosis in Mazandaran University of Science and Technology students and its relation to psychological factors". Turkish Journal of Kinesiology. 2021; 7(1): 39-43. doi: https://doi.org/10.31459/turkjkin.855111.

[13] Hosseini SM, Alizadeh MH, Farokhi A. "A comparison of body image between individuals with idiopathic scoliosis and healthy individuals". Journal of Exercise Science and Medicine. 2015; 7(2): 163-74. dio: https://doi.org/10.22059/jsmed.2015.56538.

[14] Karaman S, Özdemir Ö. "The effect of low back and neck pain on posture, burnout, and quality of life in formal caregivers of children with disabilities and the elderly". Irish Journal of Medical Science. 2023; 192(5): 2059-64. doi: 10.1007/s11845-023-03286-w. Epub 2023 Jan 23.

[15] Jahanlou AS, Kouzekanani K. "The development of appropriate waist-to-hip ratio cut-off points: Survey in large Iranian adult population". Avicenna Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2015; 22(2): 144-51. URL: http://sjh.umsha.ac.ir/article-1-45-en.html.

[16] Taghavi S. "Validity and reliability of the general health questionnaire (ghq-28) in college students of Shiraz University". J Psychol. 2002; 5(4): 381-98. doi: https://www.sid.ir/paper/54489/en.

[17] Rajabi R, Latifi S. "The norm of thoracic curves (kyphosis) and lumbar curve (lordosis) in men and women". Research in Sports Science. 2010; 7: 13-30. URL: http://ptj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-390-en.html.

[19] Gheitasi M, Pasandideh Z, Lordgouie M, Samavi M, Allafan N. "Effect of eight-weeks pilates exercises on non-structural scoliosis deformity and improve balance in female students." Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology. 2018; 13(26): 78-90. doi: https://doi.org/10.22080/jaep.2017.9708.1472.

[21] Norbakhsh MR, Mosavi SJ. "Repeatitive and validity of flexible ruler in measuring lumbar lordosis". Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2002; 12(36): 46-51. URL: http://jmums.mazums.ac.ir/article-1-325-en.html.

[23] Gharakhanlou R, Agha-Alinejad H, Farzad B, Bayati M. "Waist circumference and waist to hip ratio as predictors of cardiovascular disease risk factors in Iran". Payesh (Health Monitor) Journal. 2014; 13(2): 145-53. URL: http://payeshjournal.ir/article-1-309-en.html.

[25] Farahani A, Hoseini S, Aghayary A, Ghorbani Ghahfarokhi L. "The relation between body composition and spinal lordosis and kyphosis abnormalities in women". Journal of Research in Rehabilitation Sciences. 2012; 8(3). 541-552 doi: 10.22122/JRRS.V8I3.506. [in Persian]

[26] Shaghayegh-Fard B, Ahmadi A, Ma'roufi N, Sarraf-Zadeh J. "The evaluation of cervical position sense in forward head posture subjects and compares it with normal subjects". Archives of Rehabilitation. 2015; 16(1): 48-57. URL: http://rehabilitationj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-1539-en.html.

[27] Mehri A, Sedighi KZ. "Assessment of mental health status and some related factors among students of Sabzevar Universities in 2010". Medical Sciences Journal of Islamic Azad University. 2012; 21(4): 293-304. URL: http://tmuj.iautmu.ac.ir/article-1-530-en.html.

[28] Dessauvagie AS, Dang HM, Nguyen TAT, Gunter G. "Mental health of university students in Southeastern Asia: a systematic review". Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health. 2022; 34(2-3): 172-81. doi: 10.1177/10105395211055545.

[29] Shahabinejad M, Sadeghi T, Salem Z. "Assessment the mental health of nursing". Journal of Nursing Education. 2016; 4(2): 29-37. URL: http://ijpn.ir/article-1-783-en.html.

[32] Amin V FC, Flores-Lagunes A. The impact of BMI on mental health: Further evidence from genetic markers. Economics and human biology. 2020;38:100895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2020.

[33] Ho RCM, Niti M, Kua EH, Ng TP. "Body mass index, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio and depressive symptoms in Chinese elderly: a population-based study". International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2008; 23(4): 401-8. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.1893.

[34] Rafati F, Pilevarzadeh M, Salari S, Mohamadi M, Pormehr A. "Relationship between BMI and mental health in nursing students of Jiroft". Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2012; 14(2): 135-41. URL: http://ijem.sbmu.ac.ir/article-1-1117-en.html.

[35] Samadi H. "Investigating the relationship between the degree of kyphosis and psychological factors in male students of Tehran University". Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health. 2008; 10(37): 55-61. doi: https://doi.org/10.22038/jfmh.2008.1776. [in Persian]

Volume 16, Issue 1January 2024Pages 15-24

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics

Volume 16, Issue 1
January 2024
Pages 15-24