The effect of training program on Autism Spectrum Quotient scores

Nazary Sharif, Hossein; Salar, Sarvin; Haegele, Justin Anthony

doi:10.22059/sshr.2024.328800.999

The effect of training program on Autism Spectrum Quotient scores

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

¹ Corrective Exercises and Sport Injuries, Physical Education and Sport sciences, University of Guilan

² Human Movement Science, Old Dominion University

10.22059/sshr.2024.328800.999

Abstract

Background: Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) functions as an evaluative instrument designed to assess traits associated with autism. Variances exist within the brain of individuals on the autism spectrum. Moreover, certain exercises have the potential to impact specific regions of the brain.
Aim: This study aims to investigate how the program training of this study impact Autism—Spectrum Quotient.
Materials and Methods: Forty-two children aged 7-10 years with ASD were recruited to participate in this study. These children were randomly divided into two groups: the control group (N=10, 7.80±1.35 years) and the experimental group (N=32, age: 8.16±1.16 years). The experimental group underwent an 8-week training program. The Autism Spectrum Quotient (ASQ) questionnaire was used to assess the participants' scores in the pretest and posttest. This questionnaire consists of five subscales: social skills, attention switching, attention to details, communication, and imagination, as well as a total score.
Results: Based on the results, the program training had an impact on attention to detail (P=0.017) and social skills (P=0.057). However, there was no significant difference between the pretest and posttest scores for attention switching (P=0.096), communication (P=0.07), and imagination (P=0.161).
Conclusion: Based on the results, we can conclude that the program had a small but significant effect in terms of quantity. Due to the specific and unique structure of the brain, it takes time to achieve a substantial impact.

Keywords

References

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The effect of training program on Autism Spectrum Quotient scores

References

[1] Hirota T, King BH. "Autism spectrum disorder: A review". Jama. 2023; 329(2): 157-68. doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.23661.

[2] Treating Autism and Autism Treatment Trust. Med Comorbidities Autism Spectr Disord Treat Autism Publ. 2013. www.autismtreatment.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2013/07/Medical-Comorbidities-in-Autism-Spectrum-Disorders-2013. pdf.

[3] Ruzich E, Allison C, Smith P, Watson P, Auyeung B, Ring H, et al. "Measuring autistic traits in the general population: A systematic review of the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) in a nonclinical population sample of 6,900 typical adult males and females". Mol Autism. 2015; 6(1): 2.

[4] Wallis KE, Adebajo T, Bennett AE, Drye M, Gerdes M, Miller JS, et al. "Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder in a large pediatric primary care network". Autism. 2023; 27(6): 1840-1846. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613221147396.

[5] World Health Organisation. "Autism". https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/autism-spectrum-disorders.

[6] Smith PJ, Blumenthal JA, Hoffman BM, Cooper H, Strauman TA, Welsh-Bohmer K, et al. "Aerobic exercise and neurocognitive performance: A meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials". Psychosom Med. 2010; 72(3): 239. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181d14633.

[7] Hynes J, Block M. "Effects of physical activity on social, behavioral, and cognitive skills in children and young adults with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review of the literature". Rev J Autism Dev Disord. 2022; 1-22. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-022-00319-5.

[8] Bidzan-Bluma I, Lipowska M. "Physical activity and cognitive functioning of children: a systematic review". Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018; 15(4): 800. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040800.

[9] Marconcin P, Werneck AO, Peralta M, Ihle A, Gouveia ÉR, Ferrari G, et al. "The association between physical activity and mental health during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review". BMC Public Health. 2022; 22(1): 1-14. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12590-6.

[11] Laurin D, Verreault R, Lindsay J, MacPherson K, Rockwood K. "Physical activity and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in elderly persons". Arch Neurol. 2001; 58(3): 498-504. doi: 10.1001/archneur.58.3.498.

[13] Walk WW. "A prospective study of physical activity and cognitive decline in elderly women". Arch Intern Med. 2001; 161: 1703-8. doi: 10.1001/archinte.161.14.1703.

[14] Sofi F, Valecchi D, Bacci D, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Casini A, et al. "Physical activity and risk of cognitive decline: a meta‐analysis of prospective studies". J Intern Med. 2011; 269(1): 107-17. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02281.x.

[15] Mandolesi L, Gelfo F, Serra L, Montuori S, Polverino A, Curcio G, et al. "Environmental factors promoting neural plasticity: insights from animal and human studies". Neural Plast. 2017; https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7219461.

[16] Paillard T. "Preventive effects of regular physical exercise against cognitive decline and the risk of dementia with age advancement". Sport Med. 2015; 1(1): 20. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-015-0016-x.

[17] Mandolesi L, Polverino A, Montuori S, Foti F, Ferraioli G, Sorrentino P, et al. "Effects of physical exercise on cognitive functioning and wellbeing: Biological and psychological benefits. Front Psychol. 2018; 9. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00509.

[18] Hötting K, Röder B. "Beneficial effects of physical exercise on neuroplasticity and cognition". Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013; 37(9): 2243-57. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.04.005.

[19] Barbas H. "Connections underlying the synthesis of cognition, memory, and emotion in primate prefrontal cortices". Brain Res Bull. 2000; 52(5): 319-30. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0361-9230(99)00245-2.

[20] Toscano CVA, Carvalho HM, Ferreira JP. "Exercise effects for children with autism spectrum disorder: metabolic health, autistic traits, and quality of life". Percept Mot Skills. 2018; 125(1): 126-46. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512517743823.

[21] Bahrami F, Movahedi A, Marandi SM, Abedi A. "Kata techniques training consistently decreases stereotypy in children with autism spectrum disorder". Res Dev Disabil. 2012; 33(4): 1183-93. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2012.01.018.

[22] Espeland MA, Erickson K, Neiberg RH, Jakicic JM, Wadden TA, Wing RR, et al. "Brain and white matter hyperintensity volumes after 10 years of random assignment to lifestyle intervention". Diabetes Care. 2016; dc152230. doi: https://doi.org/10.2337/dc15-2230.

[23] Memari AH, Ghaheri B. "Physical activity and sedentary lifestyle in autism". Comprehensive Guide to Autism. Springer. 2014: 425-438.

[24] Todd T, Reid G. "Increasing physical activity in individuals with autism". Focus Autism Other Dev Disabl. 2006; 21(3): 167-76. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/10883576060210030501.

[25] Jones RA, Downing K, Rinehart NJ, Barnett LM, May T, McGillivray JA, et al. "Physical activity, sedentary behavior and their correlates in children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review". PLoS One. 2017; 12(2): e0172482. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0 12482.

[26] Vaynman S, Gomez‐Pinilla F. "Revenge of the 'sit': How lifestyle impacts neuronal and cognitive health through molecular systems that interface energy metabolism with neuronal plasticity". J Neurosci Res. 2006; 84(4): 699-715. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.20979.

[27] Oriel KN, George CL, Peckus R, Semon A. "The effects of aerobic exercise on academic engagement in young children with autism spectrum disorder". Pediatr Phys Ther. 2011; 23(2): 187-93. doi: 10.1097/PEP.0b013e318218f149.

[28] Kern L, Koegel RL, Dunlap G. "The influence of vigorous versus mild exercise on autistic stereotyped behaviors". J Autism Dev Disord. 1984; 14(1): 57-67. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02408555.

[29] Liu T, Fedak AT, Hamilton M. "Effect of physical activity on the stereotypic behaviors of children with autism spectrum disorder". Int J Sch Heal. 2016; 3(1).

[30] Levinson LJ, Reid G. "The effects of exercise intensity on the stereotypic behaviors of individuals with autism". Adapt Phys Act Q. 1993; 10(3): 255-68. doi: https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.10.3.255.

[31] Li D, Li L, Zang W, Wang D, Miao C, Li C, et al. "Effect of physical activity on attention in school-age children with ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Front Physiol. 2023; 14. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2023.1189443.

[32] Hassan Z, Aftab MJ, Batool A, Owaisi AM, Amin MT. "Role of physical activities In cultivating social skills of children with autism spectrum disorder: Physical education teachers’ perspective, Pakistan". J Posit Sch Psychol. 2023; 7(5): 824-37.

[33] Klestova IY, Pavlova AF. "The effect of reduced physical activity on attention and memory". The Place and Role of Physical Culture in the Modern World. 2021. 63-70. [in Russina]

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Volume 15, Issue 2July 2023Pages 255-266

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Volume 15, Issue 2
July 2023
Pages 255-266