The role of sleep quality on mental toughness among football players

Esmaeilnejad, Masoud; GHarayagh Zandi, Hassan; Esmaeilnejad, Saman; Qeisari, Sirus

doi:10.22059/sshr.2024.371266.1121

The role of sleep quality on mental toughness among football players

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

¹ Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Science, Faculty of Sport Sciences and health- University of Tehran, Tehran- Iran

² Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Science, Faculty of Sport Sciences and health - University of Tehran, Tehran- Iran

³ Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

10.22059/sshr.2024.371266.1121

Abstract

Background: Football players, in their pursuit of optimal physical and mental performance, frequently employ various recovery techniques. Among these, sleep emerges as a consistently highlighted and crucial element in athletes’ physical and cognitive performance.
Aim: This study aimed to investigate the correlation between sleep quality and mental toughness (MT), while concurrently exploring the relationship between MT and different football positions.
Materials and Methods: A total of 473 Iranian football players, comprising 287 males and 186 females, were selected through a simple random sampling method by completing two questionnaires that assessed their sleep quality (PSQI) and MT (SMTQ-14).
Results: The findings showed that athletes with higher subjective sleep quality and longer sleep duration demonstrated high levels of MT. Moreover, defenders and attackers exhibited the highest levels of MT compared to other playing positions. Notably, male football players reported higher sleep quality and MT compared to their female counterparts.
Conclusion: This study focused on the relationship between sleep quality and MT among football players. The study revealed that both male and female football players with better sleep quality and longer sleep duration had higher MT, with males scoring higher overall. Moreover, defenders regardless of gender, exhibited the strongest MT.

Keywords

References

[1] Yongtawee A, Park J, Kim Y, Woo M. "Athletes have different dominant cognitive functions depending on type of sport". International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2022; 20(1):1-15. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2021.1956570.

[2] Bransen L, Robberechts P, Van Haaren J, Davis J. (editors). "Choke or shine? Quantifying soccer players’ abilities to perform under mental pressure". Proceedings of the 13th MIT Sloan Sports Analytics Conference. 2019.

[3] Vitale JA, Banfi G, La Torre A, Bonato M. "Effect of a habitual late-evening physical task on sleep quality in neither-type soccer players". Frontiers in Physiology. 2018; 9: 1582. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01582.

[4] Hirshkowitz M. "Normal Human Sleep: An Overview". Medical Clinics. 2004; 88(3): 551-65. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2004.01.001.

[5] Kazemizadeh V, Behpour N. "The effect of sleep deprivation on quality of life of sport science students". Journal of School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research. 2020; 18(2): 189-98.

[6] Knufinke M, Nieuwenhuys A, Geurts SA, Coenen AM, Kompier MA. "Self‐reported sleep quantity, quality and sleep hygiene in elite athletes". Journal of Sleep Research. 2018; 27(1): 78-85. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12509.

[7] Bonnar D, Castine B, Kakoschke N, Sharp G. "Sleep and performance in Eathletes: for the win!". Sleep Health. 2019; 5(6): 647-50. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2019.06.007.

[8] Simpson N, Gibbs E, Matheson G. "Optimizing sleep to maximize performance: Implications and recommendations for elite athletes". Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2017; 27(3): 266-74. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12703.

[9] Oyegbile TO, Delasobera BE, Zecavati N. "Gender differences in sleep symptoms after repeat concussions". Sleep Medicine. 2017; 40: 110-5. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2017.09.026.

[10] Kawasaki Y, Kasai T, Koikawa N, Hanazato N, Suda S, Murata A, et al. "Sex differences in factors associated with poor subjective sleep quality in athletes". J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2020; 60(1): 140-51. doi: https://doi.org/10.23736/S00224707.19.09875-X.

[11] Liew GC, Kuan G, Chin NS, Hashim HA. "Mental toughness in sport". German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research. 2019; 49(4): 381-94. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-019-00603-3.

[12] Lee C. "Mental toughness in sport: A review". International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2007; 5(3): 270. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2007.96718.36.

[13] Coulter TJ, Mallett CJ, Gucciardi DF. "Understanding mental toughness in Australian soccer: Perceptions of players, parents, and coaches". Journal of Sports Sciences. 2010; 28(7): 699-716. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640411003734085.

[14] Guszkowska M, Wójcik K. "Effect of mental toughness on sporting performance: Review of studies". Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity. 2021; 13(7): 1. doi: 10.29359/BJHPA.2021.Suppl.2.01.

[15] Toros T, Ogras EB, Okan İ, Temel C, Keskin MT, Korkmaz C, et al. "Investigation the relationship between mental toughness and courage levels of sports sciences faculty students for sustainable performance". Sustainability. 2023; 15(12): 9406. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129406.

[16] Taheri M, Irandoust K, Ahmadi S. "The effect of arginine supplementation following sleep deprivation on carbohydrate and fat metabolism, balance and fatigue index in female athlete students". Sport Sciences and Health Research. 2021; 13(1): 75-83. doi: https://doi.org/10.22059/sshr.2021.85464.

[17] Sheard M, Golby J, Van Wersch A. "Progress toward construct validation of the Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ)". European Journal of Psychological Assessment. 2009; 25(3): 186-93. doi: https://doi.org/10.1027/10155759.25.3.186.

[18] Fullagar HH, Vincent GE, McCullough M, Halson S, Fowler P. "Sleep and sport performance". Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2022: 10: 1097. doi: 10.1097/WNP.0000000000000638.

[19] Brand S, Gerber M, Kalak N, Kirov R, Lemola S, Clough PJ, et al. “'Sleep well, our tough heroes!'—in adolescence, greater mental toughness is related to better sleep schedules". Behavioral Sleep Medicine. 2014; 12(6): 444-54. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15402002.2013.825839.

[20] Cooper KB, Wilson MR, Jones MI. "The impact of sleep on mental toughness: Evidence from observational and N-of-1 manipulation studies in athletes". Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology. 2020; 9(3): 308. doi: https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/spy0000174.

[21] Benitez A, Gunstad J. "Poor sleep quality diminishes cognitive functioning independent of depression and anxiety in healthy young adults". The Clinical Neuropsychologist. 2012; 26(2): 214-23. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2012.658439.

[22] Grumbach P, Opel N, Martin S, Meinert S, Leehr EJ, Redlich R, et al. "Sleep duration is associated with white matter microstructure and cognitive performance in healthy adults". Human Brain Mapping. 2020; 41(15): 4397-405. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.25132.

[23] Li C, Zhang Y, Randhawa AK, Madigan DJ. "Emotional exhaustion and sleep problems in university students: Does mental toughness matter?". Personality and Individual Differences. 2020; 163: 110046. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110046

[24] Riemann D, Spiegelhalder K, Feige B, Voderholzer U, Berger M, Perlis M, et al. "The hyperarousal model of insomnia: a review of the concept and its evidence". Sleep Medicine Reviews. 2010; 14(1): 19-31. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2009.04.002.

[25] Hinz A, Glaesmer H, Brähler E, Löffler M, Engel C, Enzenbach C, et al. "Sleep quality in the general population: psychometric properties of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, derived from a German community sample of 9284 people". Sleep Medicine. 2017; 30: 57-63. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2009.04.002.

[26] Fatima Y, Doi SA, Najman JM, Al Mamun A. "Exploring gender difference in sleep quality of young adults: findings from a large population study". Clinical Medicine & Research. 2016; 14(3-4): 138-44. doi: 10.3121/cmr.2016.1338.

[27] Burgard SA, Ailshire JA. "Gender and time for sleep among US adults". American Sociological Review. 2013; 78(1): 51-69. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122412472048.

[28] Benjamin CL, Curtis RM, Huggins RA, Sekiguchi Y, Jain RK, McFadden BA, et al. "Sleep dysfunction and mood in collegiate soccer athletes". Sports Health. 2020; 12(3): 234-40. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738120916735.

[29] Wittert G. "The relationship between sleep disorders and testosterone in men". Asian Journal of Andrology. 2014; 16(2): 262. doi: 10.4103/1008-682X.122586.

[30] Nicholls AR, Polman RC, Levy AR, Backhouse SH. "Mental toughness in sport: Achievement level, gender, age, experience, and sport type differences". Personality and Individual Differences. 2009; 47(1): 73-5. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.02.006

[31] Andrews P, Chen M. "Gender differences in mental toughness and coping with injury in runners". Journal of Athletic Enhancement. 2014. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/23249080.1000168.

[32] Álvarez O, Walker B, Castillo I. "Examining motivational correlates of mental toughness in Spanish athletes". Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte. 2018; 18(1): 141-50.

[33] Asamoah B. The Role of Mental Toughness, Psychological Skills and Team Cohesion in Soccer Performance. Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University; 2013.

[34] Sulaiman N, Abdullah SSZS, Razmi RR, Ismail N, Darmansah NF. "Mental toughness in sports: level of mental toughness among football players in different position". Psychology and Education. 2021; 58(4): 1802-6.

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The role of sleep quality on mental toughness among football players

References

[1] Yongtawee A, Park J, Kim Y, Woo M. "Athletes have different dominant cognitive functions depending on type of sport". International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2022; 20(1):1-15. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2021.1956570.

[2] Bransen L, Robberechts P, Van Haaren J, Davis J. (editors). "Choke or shine? Quantifying soccer players’ abilities to perform under mental pressure". Proceedings of the 13th MIT Sloan Sports Analytics Conference. 2019.

[3] Vitale JA, Banfi G, La Torre A, Bonato M. "Effect of a habitual late-evening physical task on sleep quality in neither-type soccer players". Frontiers in Physiology. 2018; 9: 1582. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01582.

[4] Hirshkowitz M. "Normal Human Sleep: An Overview". Medical Clinics. 2004; 88(3): 551-65. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2004.01.001.

[5] Kazemizadeh V, Behpour N. "The effect of sleep deprivation on quality of life of sport science students". Journal of School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research. 2020; 18(2): 189-98.

[6] Knufinke M, Nieuwenhuys A, Geurts SA, Coenen AM, Kompier MA. "Self‐reported sleep quantity, quality and sleep hygiene in elite athletes". Journal of Sleep Research. 2018; 27(1): 78-85. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12509.

[7] Bonnar D, Castine B, Kakoschke N, Sharp G. "Sleep and performance in Eathletes: for the win!". Sleep Health. 2019; 5(6): 647-50. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2019.06.007.

[8] Simpson N, Gibbs E, Matheson G. "Optimizing sleep to maximize performance: Implications and recommendations for elite athletes". Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2017; 27(3): 266-74. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12703.

[9] Oyegbile TO, Delasobera BE, Zecavati N. "Gender differences in sleep symptoms after repeat concussions". Sleep Medicine. 2017; 40: 110-5. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2017.09.026.

[10] Kawasaki Y, Kasai T, Koikawa N, Hanazato N, Suda S, Murata A, et al. "Sex differences in factors associated with poor subjective sleep quality in athletes". J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2020; 60(1): 140-51. doi: https://doi.org/10.23736/S00224707.19.09875-X.

[11] Liew GC, Kuan G, Chin NS, Hashim HA. "Mental toughness in sport". German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research. 2019; 49(4): 381-94. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-019-00603-3.

[12] Lee C. "Mental toughness in sport: A review". International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2007; 5(3): 270. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2007.96718.36.

[13] Coulter TJ, Mallett CJ, Gucciardi DF. "Understanding mental toughness in Australian soccer: Perceptions of players, parents, and coaches". Journal of Sports Sciences. 2010; 28(7): 699-716. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640411003734085.

[14] Guszkowska M, Wójcik K. "Effect of mental toughness on sporting performance: Review of studies". Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity. 2021; 13(7): 1. doi: 10.29359/BJHPA.2021.Suppl.2.01.

[15] Toros T, Ogras EB, Okan İ, Temel C, Keskin MT, Korkmaz C, et al. "Investigation the relationship between mental toughness and courage levels of sports sciences faculty students for sustainable performance". Sustainability. 2023; 15(12): 9406. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129406.

[16] Taheri M, Irandoust K, Ahmadi S. "The effect of arginine supplementation following sleep deprivation on carbohydrate and fat metabolism, balance and fatigue index in female athlete students". Sport Sciences and Health Research. 2021; 13(1): 75-83. doi: https://doi.org/10.22059/sshr.2021.85464.

[17] Sheard M, Golby J, Van Wersch A. "Progress toward construct validation of the Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ)". European Journal of Psychological Assessment. 2009; 25(3): 186-93. doi: https://doi.org/10.1027/10155759.25.3.186.

[18] Fullagar HH, Vincent GE, McCullough M, Halson S, Fowler P. "Sleep and sport performance". Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2022: 10: 1097. doi: 10.1097/WNP.0000000000000638.

[19] Brand S, Gerber M, Kalak N, Kirov R, Lemola S, Clough PJ, et al. “'Sleep well, our tough heroes!'—in adolescence, greater mental toughness is related to better sleep schedules". Behavioral Sleep Medicine. 2014; 12(6): 444-54. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15402002.2013.825839.

[20] Cooper KB, Wilson MR, Jones MI. "The impact of sleep on mental toughness: Evidence from observational and N-of-1 manipulation studies in athletes". Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology. 2020; 9(3): 308. doi: https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/spy0000174.

[21] Benitez A, Gunstad J. "Poor sleep quality diminishes cognitive functioning independent of depression and anxiety in healthy young adults". The Clinical Neuropsychologist. 2012; 26(2): 214-23. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2012.658439.

[22] Grumbach P, Opel N, Martin S, Meinert S, Leehr EJ, Redlich R, et al. "Sleep duration is associated with white matter microstructure and cognitive performance in healthy adults". Human Brain Mapping. 2020; 41(15): 4397-405. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.25132.

[23] Li C, Zhang Y, Randhawa AK, Madigan DJ. "Emotional exhaustion and sleep problems in university students: Does mental toughness matter?". Personality and Individual Differences. 2020; 163: 110046. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110046

[24] Riemann D, Spiegelhalder K, Feige B, Voderholzer U, Berger M, Perlis M, et al. "The hyperarousal model of insomnia: a review of the concept and its evidence". Sleep Medicine Reviews. 2010; 14(1): 19-31. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2009.04.002.

[26] Fatima Y, Doi SA, Najman JM, Al Mamun A. "Exploring gender difference in sleep quality of young adults: findings from a large population study". Clinical Medicine & Research. 2016; 14(3-4): 138-44. doi: 10.3121/cmr.2016.1338.

[27] Burgard SA, Ailshire JA. "Gender and time for sleep among US adults". American Sociological Review. 2013; 78(1): 51-69. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122412472048.

[28] Benjamin CL, Curtis RM, Huggins RA, Sekiguchi Y, Jain RK, McFadden BA, et al. "Sleep dysfunction and mood in collegiate soccer athletes". Sports Health. 2020; 12(3): 234-40. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738120916735.

[29] Wittert G. "The relationship between sleep disorders and testosterone in men". Asian Journal of Andrology. 2014; 16(2): 262. doi: 10.4103/1008-682X.122586.

[30] Nicholls AR, Polman RC, Levy AR, Backhouse SH. "Mental toughness in sport: Achievement level, gender, age, experience, and sport type differences". Personality and Individual Differences. 2009; 47(1): 73-5. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.02.006

[31] Andrews P, Chen M. "Gender differences in mental toughness and coping with injury in runners". Journal of Athletic Enhancement. 2014. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/23249080.1000168.

[32] Álvarez O, Walker B, Castillo I. "Examining motivational correlates of mental toughness in Spanish athletes". Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte. 2018; 18(1): 141-50.

[33] Asamoah B. The Role of Mental Toughness, Psychological Skills and Team Cohesion in Soccer Performance. Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University; 2013.

[34] Sulaiman N, Abdullah SSZS, Razmi RR, Ismail N, Darmansah NF. "Mental toughness in sports: level of mental toughness among football players in different position". Psychology and Education. 2021; 58(4): 1802-6.

Volume 15, Issue 2
July 2023
Pages 193-202

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The role of sleep quality on mental toughness among football players

References

[1] Yongtawee A, Park J, Kim Y, Woo M. "Athletes have different dominant cognitive functions depending on type of sport". International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2022; 20(1):1-15. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2021.1956570.

[2] Bransen L, Robberechts P, Van Haaren J, Davis J. (editors). "Choke or shine? Quantifying soccer players’ abilities to perform under mental pressure". Proceedings of the 13th MIT Sloan Sports Analytics Conference. 2019.

[3] Vitale JA, Banfi G, La Torre A, Bonato M. "Effect of a habitual late-evening physical task on sleep quality in neither-type soccer players". Frontiers in Physiology. 2018; 9: 1582. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01582.

[4] Hirshkowitz M. "Normal Human Sleep: An Overview". Medical Clinics. 2004; 88(3): 551-65. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2004.01.001.

[5] Kazemizadeh V, Behpour N. "The effect of sleep deprivation on quality of life of sport science students". Journal of School of Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research. 2020; 18(2): 189-98.

[6] Knufinke M, Nieuwenhuys A, Geurts SA, Coenen AM, Kompier MA. "Self‐reported sleep quantity, quality and sleep hygiene in elite athletes". Journal of Sleep Research. 2018; 27(1): 78-85. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12509.

[7] Bonnar D, Castine B, Kakoschke N, Sharp G. "Sleep and performance in Eathletes: for the win!". Sleep Health. 2019; 5(6): 647-50. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2019.06.007.

[8] Simpson N, Gibbs E, Matheson G. "Optimizing sleep to maximize performance: Implications and recommendations for elite athletes". Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2017; 27(3): 266-74. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12703.

[9] Oyegbile TO, Delasobera BE, Zecavati N. "Gender differences in sleep symptoms after repeat concussions". Sleep Medicine. 2017; 40: 110-5. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2017.09.026.

[10] Kawasaki Y, Kasai T, Koikawa N, Hanazato N, Suda S, Murata A, et al. "Sex differences in factors associated with poor subjective sleep quality in athletes". J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2020; 60(1): 140-51. doi: https://doi.org/10.23736/S00224707.19.09875-X.

[11] Liew GC, Kuan G, Chin NS, Hashim HA. "Mental toughness in sport". German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research. 2019; 49(4): 381-94. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-019-00603-3.

[12] Lee C. "Mental toughness in sport: A review". International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2007; 5(3): 270. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2007.96718.36.

[13] Coulter TJ, Mallett CJ, Gucciardi DF. "Understanding mental toughness in Australian soccer: Perceptions of players, parents, and coaches". Journal of Sports Sciences. 2010; 28(7): 699-716. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02640411003734085.

[14] Guszkowska M, Wójcik K. "Effect of mental toughness on sporting performance: Review of studies". Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity. 2021; 13(7): 1. doi: 10.29359/BJHPA.2021.Suppl.2.01.

[15] Toros T, Ogras EB, Okan İ, Temel C, Keskin MT, Korkmaz C, et al. "Investigation the relationship between mental toughness and courage levels of sports sciences faculty students for sustainable performance". Sustainability. 2023; 15(12): 9406. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129406.

[16] Taheri M, Irandoust K, Ahmadi S. "The effect of arginine supplementation following sleep deprivation on carbohydrate and fat metabolism, balance and fatigue index in female athlete students". Sport Sciences and Health Research. 2021; 13(1): 75-83. doi: https://doi.org/10.22059/sshr.2021.85464.

[17] Sheard M, Golby J, Van Wersch A. "Progress toward construct validation of the Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ)". European Journal of Psychological Assessment. 2009; 25(3): 186-93. doi: https://doi.org/10.1027/10155759.25.3.186.

[18] Fullagar HH, Vincent GE, McCullough M, Halson S, Fowler P. "Sleep and sport performance". Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2022: 10: 1097. doi: 10.1097/WNP.0000000000000638.

[19] Brand S, Gerber M, Kalak N, Kirov R, Lemola S, Clough PJ, et al. “'Sleep well, our tough heroes!'—in adolescence, greater mental toughness is related to better sleep schedules". Behavioral Sleep Medicine. 2014; 12(6): 444-54. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15402002.2013.825839.

[20] Cooper KB, Wilson MR, Jones MI. "The impact of sleep on mental toughness: Evidence from observational and N-of-1 manipulation studies in athletes". Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology. 2020; 9(3): 308. doi: https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/spy0000174.

[21] Benitez A, Gunstad J. "Poor sleep quality diminishes cognitive functioning independent of depression and anxiety in healthy young adults". The Clinical Neuropsychologist. 2012; 26(2): 214-23. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2012.658439.

[22] Grumbach P, Opel N, Martin S, Meinert S, Leehr EJ, Redlich R, et al. "Sleep duration is associated with white matter microstructure and cognitive performance in healthy adults". Human Brain Mapping. 2020; 41(15): 4397-405. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.25132.

[23] Li C, Zhang Y, Randhawa AK, Madigan DJ. "Emotional exhaustion and sleep problems in university students: Does mental toughness matter?". Personality and Individual Differences. 2020; 163: 110046. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110046

[24] Riemann D, Spiegelhalder K, Feige B, Voderholzer U, Berger M, Perlis M, et al. "The hyperarousal model of insomnia: a review of the concept and its evidence". Sleep Medicine Reviews. 2010; 14(1): 19-31. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2009.04.002.

[26] Fatima Y, Doi SA, Najman JM, Al Mamun A. "Exploring gender difference in sleep quality of young adults: findings from a large population study". Clinical Medicine & Research. 2016; 14(3-4): 138-44. doi: 10.3121/cmr.2016.1338.

[27] Burgard SA, Ailshire JA. "Gender and time for sleep among US adults". American Sociological Review. 2013; 78(1): 51-69. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122412472048.

[28] Benjamin CL, Curtis RM, Huggins RA, Sekiguchi Y, Jain RK, McFadden BA, et al. "Sleep dysfunction and mood in collegiate soccer athletes". Sports Health. 2020; 12(3): 234-40. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738120916735.

[29] Wittert G. "The relationship between sleep disorders and testosterone in men". Asian Journal of Andrology. 2014; 16(2): 262. doi: 10.4103/1008-682X.122586.

[30] Nicholls AR, Polman RC, Levy AR, Backhouse SH. "Mental toughness in sport: Achievement level, gender, age, experience, and sport type differences". Personality and Individual Differences. 2009; 47(1): 73-5. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.02.006

[31] Andrews P, Chen M. "Gender differences in mental toughness and coping with injury in runners". Journal of Athletic Enhancement. 2014. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/23249080.1000168.

[32] Álvarez O, Walker B, Castillo I. "Examining motivational correlates of mental toughness in Spanish athletes". Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte. 2018; 18(1): 141-50.

[33] Asamoah B. The Role of Mental Toughness, Psychological Skills and Team Cohesion in Soccer Performance. Stellenbosch: Stellenbosch University; 2013.

[34] Sulaiman N, Abdullah SSZS, Razmi RR, Ismail N, Darmansah NF. "Mental toughness in sports: level of mental toughness among football players in different position". Psychology and Education. 2021; 58(4): 1802-6.

Volume 15, Issue 2July 2023Pages 193-202

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics

Volume 15, Issue 2
July 2023
Pages 193-202