Specific test for water polo performance evaluation: A preliminary and profile study

Vancini, Rodrigo L; Lira, Claudio; Knechtle, Beat; Weiss, Katja; Andrade, Marilia

doi:10.22059/sshr.2023.351340.1067

Specific test for water polo performance evaluation: A preliminary and profile study

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

¹ UFES

² UFG

³ University of Zurich

⁴ UNIFESP

10.22059/sshr.2023.351340.1067

Abstract

Background: Water polo (WP) is a sport with great aerobic/ anaerobic physiological demands. There are few studies that have evaluated the physical demands during the WP game and its relationship with the physiological indices of aerobic fitness
Aim: Our aim was to determine the aerobic/ anaerobic profiles of the WP athletes through specific test.
Materials and Methods: WP male athletes participated in this study (24.5±5.6 years, 85.9±10.3 kg, 183.0±6.3 cm, n=23). The athletes performed an anaerobic WP test (TAnaWP) to determine the height (Alt- cm) of the 1st/ 15th/ 30th jumps, total time(s) of the jumps (TT30) and the fatigue index (FI). Blood lactate kinetics were determined immediately after (Lac0 min) and during the recovery period; Lac 1/ 3/ 5/ 8/ 12 min. They also performed an aerobic water polo test (TAerWP) to determine maximal oxygen consumption (VO₂max) a heart rate (HRmax), peak blood lactate (Lacp) and the second lactate threshold (LL2).
Results: The following results (in cm) were obtained in TAnaWP: Alt1st (44±6), Alt15th (32±7) and Alt30th (24±9); TT30 (56.9±9.5); FI (42.0±12.5%); (Lac0), (Lac1), (Lac3), (Lac5), (Lac8) and (Lac12) (5.2±1.7; 7.8±1.6; 9.0±2.0; 9.4±2.2; 9.2±2.7; 8.5±2.2 mmol/L, respectively). The mean maximal values for the aerobic test were: VO₂max=44.4±5.3 ml/kg/min, HRmax=174.3±9.1 bpm, Lacp=8.6±2.1 mmol/L. The values obtained at LL2 were: 157.5±13.5 bpm/ 90.5±8.2% HRmax).
Conclusion: The proposed tests may be a possibility to determining the physiological fitness of WP athletes.

Keywords

References

[1] Pyne DB, Sharp RL. “Physical and energy requirements of competitive swimming events”. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2014; 24(4): 351-9. https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/ijsnem/24/4/article-p351.xml. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0047.

[2] Smith HK. “Applied physiology of water polo”. Sport Med. 1998; 26(5): 317-34. http://link.springer.com/10.2165/00007256-199826050-00003.

[3] Tsekouras YE, Kavouras SA, Campagna A, Kotsis YP, Syntosi SS, Papazoglou K, et al. “The anthropometrical and physiological characteristics of elite water polo players”. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2005; 95(1): 35-41. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00421-005-1388-2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-005-1388-2.

[4] Masi F Di, De Souza Vale RG, Dantas EHM, Barreto ACL, Novaes J da S, Reis VM. “Is blood lactate removal during water immersed cycling faster than during cycling on land?”. J Sports Sci Med. 2007; 6(2): 188-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24149328.

[5] Nakanishi Y, Kimura T, Yokoo Y. “Maximal physiological responses to deep water running at thermoneutral temperature”. Appl Hum Sci J Physiol Anthropol. 1999; 18(2): 31-5. http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ahs/18/2/18_2_31/_article. https://doi.org/10.2114/jpa.18.31.

[6] Bar-Or O. “The wingate anaerobic test”. Sport Med. 1987; 4(6): 381-94. http://link.springer.com/10.2165/00007256-198704060-00001.

[7] Platanou T. “On-water and dryland vertical jump in water polo players”. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2005; 45(1): 26-31. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16208287/#:~:text=Results%3A.

[8] Foster C, Rodriguez-Marroyo JA, de Koning JJ. “Monitoring eraining loads: The past, the present, and the future”. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2017; 12(s2): S2-2-S2-8. https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/ijspp/12/s2/article-pS2-2.xml. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0388.

[9] Midgley AW, McNaughton LR, Polman R, Marchant D. “Criteria for determination of maximal oxygen uptake”. Sport Med. 2007; 37(12): 1019-28. http://link.springer.com/10.2165/00007256-200737120-00002. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200737120-00002.

[10] Sales MM, Sousa CV, da Silva Aguiar S, Knechtle B, Nikolaidis PT, Alves PM, et al. “An integrative perspective of the anaerobic threshold”. Physiol Behav. 2019; 205: 29-32. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031938417304377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.12.015.

[11] Helgerud J, Engen LC, WISLØFF U, HOFF J. Aerobic endurance training improves soccer performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc [Internet]. 2001 Nov;33(11):1925–31. http://journals.lww.com/00005768-200111000-00019. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200111000-00019.

[12] Bampouras TM, Marrin K. “Comparison of two anaerobic water polo-specific tests with the Wingate test. J Strength Cond Res. 2009; 23(1): 336-40. https://journals.lww.com/00124278-200901000-00049. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181876ad0.

[13] Melchiorri G, Castagna C, Sorge R, Bonifazi M. “Game activity and blood lactate in men’s elite water-polo players”. J Strength Cond Res. 2010; 24(10): 2647-51. https://journals.lww.com/00124278-201010000-00010. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181e3486b.

[14] Platanou T, Geladas N. “The influence of game duration and playing position on intensity of exercise during match-play in elite water polo players”. J Sports Sci. 2006; 24(11): 1173-81. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02640410500457794. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410500457794.

[15] Jacobs I. “Blood lactate”. Sport Med. 1986; 3(1): 10-25. http://link.springer.com/10.2165/00007256-198603010-00003.

[16] Nagle Zera J, Nagle EF, Nagai T, Lovalekar M, Abt JP, Lephart SM. “Tethered swimming test: Reliability and the association with swimming performance and land-based anaerobic performance”. J Strength Cond Res. 2021; 35(1): 212-20. https://journals.lww.com/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002501. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000002501.

[17] Moreira CR, Aizava PVS, Fiorese L, Oliveira DCX de. “Measures and strength assessment: a Latin American review on swimming athletes”. J Phys Educ. 1989; 32. https://periodicos.uem.br/ojs/index.php/RevEducFis/article/view/47879. https://doi.org/10.4025/jphyseduc.v32i1.3221.

[18] Weinstein Y, Bediz C, Dotan R, Falk B. “Reliability of peak-lactate, heart rate, and plasma volume following the Wingate test”. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 1998; 30(9): 1456-60. http://journals.lww.com/00005768-199809000-00017. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199809000-00017.

[19] Vandewalle H, Pérès G, Monod H. “Standard anaerobic exercise tests”. Sport Med. 1987; 4(4): 268-89. http://link.springer.com/10.2165/00007256-198704040-00004. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-198704040-00004.

[20] Reilly T, Dowzer CN, Cable N. “The physiology of deep-water running”. J Sports Sci. 2003; 21(12): 959-72. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02640410310001641368. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410310001641368.

[21] Town GP, Bradley SS. “Maximal metabolic responses of deep and shallow water running in trained runners”. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1991; 23(2): 238-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2017021. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199102000-00015.

[22] Butts NK, Tucker M, Smith R. “Maximal responses to treadmill and deep water running in high school female cross country runners”. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1991; 62(2): 236-9. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02701367.1991.10608716. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1991.10608716.

[23] Frangolias DD, Rhodes EC. “Maximal and ventilatory threshold responses to treadmill and water immersion running”. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 1995; 27(7): 1007-13. http://journals.lww.com/00005768-199507000-00009. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199507000-00009.

[24] Svedenhag J, Seger J. “Running on land and in water: comparative exercise physiology”. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992; 24(10): 1155-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1435164. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199210000-00014.

[25] Nakanishi Y, Kimura T, Yokoo Y. Physiological responses to maximal treadmill and deep water running in the young and the middle aged males”. Appl Hum Sci J Physiol Anthropol. 1999; 18(3): 81-6. http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ahs/18/3/18_3_81/_article. https://doi.org/10.2114/jpa.18.81.

[26] di Prampero P. “The energy cost of human locomotion on land and in water”. Int J Sports Med. 1986; 07(02): 55-72. http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-2008-1025736. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1025736.

[27] Toubekis AG, Tsami AP, Tokmakidis SP. “Critical velocity and lactate threshold in young swimmers”. Int J Sports Med. 2006; 27(2): 117-23. http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-2005-837487. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-837487.

[28] Botonis PG, Toubekis AG, Platanou TI. “Physical performance during water-polo matches: The effect of the players’ competitive level”. J Hum Kinet. 2016; 54(1): 135-42. https://www.sciendo.com/article/10.1515/hukin-2016-0042. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2016-0042.

[29] Barbosa LF, de Souza MR, Caritá RAC, Caputo F, Denadai BS, Greco CC. “Maximal lactate steady-state independent of recovery period during intermittent protocol”. J Strength Cond Res. 2011; 25(12): 3385-90. https://journals.lww.com/00124278-201112000-00021. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182133d56.

[30] Beneke R. “Dependence of the maximal lactate steady state on the motor pattern of exercise”. Br J Sports Med. 2001; 35(3): 192-6. https://bjsm.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bjsm.35.3.192. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.35.3.192.

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Specific test for water polo performance evaluation: A preliminary and profile study

References

[1] Pyne DB, Sharp RL. “Physical and energy requirements of competitive swimming events”. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2014; 24(4): 351-9. https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/ijsnem/24/4/article-p351.xml. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0047.

[2] Smith HK. “Applied physiology of water polo”. Sport Med. 1998; 26(5): 317-34. http://link.springer.com/10.2165/00007256-199826050-00003.

[4] Masi F Di, De Souza Vale RG, Dantas EHM, Barreto ACL, Novaes J da S, Reis VM. “Is blood lactate removal during water immersed cycling faster than during cycling on land?”. J Sports Sci Med. 2007; 6(2): 188-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24149328.

[5] Nakanishi Y, Kimura T, Yokoo Y. “Maximal physiological responses to deep water running at thermoneutral temperature”. Appl Hum Sci J Physiol Anthropol. 1999; 18(2): 31-5. http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ahs/18/2/18_2_31/_article. https://doi.org/10.2114/jpa.18.31.

[6] Bar-Or O. “The wingate anaerobic test”. Sport Med. 1987; 4(6): 381-94. http://link.springer.com/10.2165/00007256-198704060-00001.

[7] Platanou T. “On-water and dryland vertical jump in water polo players”. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2005; 45(1): 26-31. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16208287/#:~:text=Results%3A.

[8] Foster C, Rodriguez-Marroyo JA, de Koning JJ. “Monitoring eraining loads: The past, the present, and the future”. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2017; 12(s2): S2-2-S2-8. https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/ijspp/12/s2/article-pS2-2.xml. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0388.

[9] Midgley AW, McNaughton LR, Polman R, Marchant D. “Criteria for determination of maximal oxygen uptake”. Sport Med. 2007; 37(12): 1019-28. http://link.springer.com/10.2165/00007256-200737120-00002. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200737120-00002.

[10] Sales MM, Sousa CV, da Silva Aguiar S, Knechtle B, Nikolaidis PT, Alves PM, et al. “An integrative perspective of the anaerobic threshold”. Physiol Behav. 2019; 205: 29-32. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031938417304377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.12.015.

[11] Helgerud J, Engen LC, WISLØFF U, HOFF J. Aerobic endurance training improves soccer performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc [Internet]. 2001 Nov;33(11):1925–31. http://journals.lww.com/00005768-200111000-00019. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200111000-00019.

[12] Bampouras TM, Marrin K. “Comparison of two anaerobic water polo-specific tests with the Wingate test. J Strength Cond Res. 2009; 23(1): 336-40. https://journals.lww.com/00124278-200901000-00049. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181876ad0.

[13] Melchiorri G, Castagna C, Sorge R, Bonifazi M. “Game activity and blood lactate in men’s elite water-polo players”. J Strength Cond Res. 2010; 24(10): 2647-51. https://journals.lww.com/00124278-201010000-00010. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181e3486b.

[14] Platanou T, Geladas N. “The influence of game duration and playing position on intensity of exercise during match-play in elite water polo players”. J Sports Sci. 2006; 24(11): 1173-81. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02640410500457794. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410500457794.

[15] Jacobs I. “Blood lactate”. Sport Med. 1986; 3(1): 10-25. http://link.springer.com/10.2165/00007256-198603010-00003.

[17] Moreira CR, Aizava PVS, Fiorese L, Oliveira DCX de. “Measures and strength assessment: a Latin American review on swimming athletes”. J Phys Educ. 1989; 32. https://periodicos.uem.br/ojs/index.php/RevEducFis/article/view/47879. https://doi.org/10.4025/jphyseduc.v32i1.3221.

[18] Weinstein Y, Bediz C, Dotan R, Falk B. “Reliability of peak-lactate, heart rate, and plasma volume following the Wingate test”. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 1998; 30(9): 1456-60. http://journals.lww.com/00005768-199809000-00017. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199809000-00017.

[19] Vandewalle H, Pérès G, Monod H. “Standard anaerobic exercise tests”. Sport Med. 1987; 4(4): 268-89. http://link.springer.com/10.2165/00007256-198704040-00004. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-198704040-00004.

[20] Reilly T, Dowzer CN, Cable N. “The physiology of deep-water running”. J Sports Sci. 2003; 21(12): 959-72. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02640410310001641368. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410310001641368.

[21] Town GP, Bradley SS. “Maximal metabolic responses of deep and shallow water running in trained runners”. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1991; 23(2): 238-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2017021. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199102000-00015.

[22] Butts NK, Tucker M, Smith R. “Maximal responses to treadmill and deep water running in high school female cross country runners”. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1991; 62(2): 236-9. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02701367.1991.10608716. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1991.10608716.

[23] Frangolias DD, Rhodes EC. “Maximal and ventilatory threshold responses to treadmill and water immersion running”. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 1995; 27(7): 1007-13. http://journals.lww.com/00005768-199507000-00009. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199507000-00009.

[24] Svedenhag J, Seger J. “Running on land and in water: comparative exercise physiology”. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992; 24(10): 1155-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1435164. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199210000-00014.

[25] Nakanishi Y, Kimura T, Yokoo Y. Physiological responses to maximal treadmill and deep water running in the young and the middle aged males”. Appl Hum Sci J Physiol Anthropol. 1999; 18(3): 81-6. http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ahs/18/3/18_3_81/_article. https://doi.org/10.2114/jpa.18.81.

[26] di Prampero P. “The energy cost of human locomotion on land and in water”. Int J Sports Med. 1986; 07(02): 55-72. http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-2008-1025736. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1025736.

[27] Toubekis AG, Tsami AP, Tokmakidis SP. “Critical velocity and lactate threshold in young swimmers”. Int J Sports Med. 2006; 27(2): 117-23. http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-2005-837487. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-837487.

[28] Botonis PG, Toubekis AG, Platanou TI. “Physical performance during water-polo matches: The effect of the players’ competitive level”. J Hum Kinet. 2016; 54(1): 135-42. https://www.sciendo.com/article/10.1515/hukin-2016-0042. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2016-0042.

[30] Beneke R. “Dependence of the maximal lactate steady state on the motor pattern of exercise”. Br J Sports Med. 2001; 35(3): 192-6. https://bjsm.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bjsm.35.3.192. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.35.3.192.

Volume 14, Issue 2
July 2022
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Specific test for water polo performance evaluation: A preliminary and profile study

References

[1] Pyne DB, Sharp RL. “Physical and energy requirements of competitive swimming events”. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2014; 24(4): 351-9. https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/ijsnem/24/4/article-p351.xml. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0047.

[2] Smith HK. “Applied physiology of water polo”. Sport Med. 1998; 26(5): 317-34. http://link.springer.com/10.2165/00007256-199826050-00003.

[4] Masi F Di, De Souza Vale RG, Dantas EHM, Barreto ACL, Novaes J da S, Reis VM. “Is blood lactate removal during water immersed cycling faster than during cycling on land?”. J Sports Sci Med. 2007; 6(2): 188-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24149328.

[5] Nakanishi Y, Kimura T, Yokoo Y. “Maximal physiological responses to deep water running at thermoneutral temperature”. Appl Hum Sci J Physiol Anthropol. 1999; 18(2): 31-5. http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ahs/18/2/18_2_31/_article. https://doi.org/10.2114/jpa.18.31.

[6] Bar-Or O. “The wingate anaerobic test”. Sport Med. 1987; 4(6): 381-94. http://link.springer.com/10.2165/00007256-198704060-00001.

[7] Platanou T. “On-water and dryland vertical jump in water polo players”. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2005; 45(1): 26-31. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16208287/#:~:text=Results%3A.

[8] Foster C, Rodriguez-Marroyo JA, de Koning JJ. “Monitoring eraining loads: The past, the present, and the future”. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2017; 12(s2): S2-2-S2-8. https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/ijspp/12/s2/article-pS2-2.xml. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0388.

[9] Midgley AW, McNaughton LR, Polman R, Marchant D. “Criteria for determination of maximal oxygen uptake”. Sport Med. 2007; 37(12): 1019-28. http://link.springer.com/10.2165/00007256-200737120-00002. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200737120-00002.

[10] Sales MM, Sousa CV, da Silva Aguiar S, Knechtle B, Nikolaidis PT, Alves PM, et al. “An integrative perspective of the anaerobic threshold”. Physiol Behav. 2019; 205: 29-32. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031938417304377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.12.015.

[11] Helgerud J, Engen LC, WISLØFF U, HOFF J. Aerobic endurance training improves soccer performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc [Internet]. 2001 Nov;33(11):1925–31. http://journals.lww.com/00005768-200111000-00019. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200111000-00019.

[12] Bampouras TM, Marrin K. “Comparison of two anaerobic water polo-specific tests with the Wingate test. J Strength Cond Res. 2009; 23(1): 336-40. https://journals.lww.com/00124278-200901000-00049. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181876ad0.

[13] Melchiorri G, Castagna C, Sorge R, Bonifazi M. “Game activity and blood lactate in men’s elite water-polo players”. J Strength Cond Res. 2010; 24(10): 2647-51. https://journals.lww.com/00124278-201010000-00010. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181e3486b.

[14] Platanou T, Geladas N. “The influence of game duration and playing position on intensity of exercise during match-play in elite water polo players”. J Sports Sci. 2006; 24(11): 1173-81. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02640410500457794. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410500457794.

[15] Jacobs I. “Blood lactate”. Sport Med. 1986; 3(1): 10-25. http://link.springer.com/10.2165/00007256-198603010-00003.

[17] Moreira CR, Aizava PVS, Fiorese L, Oliveira DCX de. “Measures and strength assessment: a Latin American review on swimming athletes”. J Phys Educ. 1989; 32. https://periodicos.uem.br/ojs/index.php/RevEducFis/article/view/47879. https://doi.org/10.4025/jphyseduc.v32i1.3221.

[18] Weinstein Y, Bediz C, Dotan R, Falk B. “Reliability of peak-lactate, heart rate, and plasma volume following the Wingate test”. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 1998; 30(9): 1456-60. http://journals.lww.com/00005768-199809000-00017. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199809000-00017.

[19] Vandewalle H, Pérès G, Monod H. “Standard anaerobic exercise tests”. Sport Med. 1987; 4(4): 268-89. http://link.springer.com/10.2165/00007256-198704040-00004. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-198704040-00004.

[20] Reilly T, Dowzer CN, Cable N. “The physiology of deep-water running”. J Sports Sci. 2003; 21(12): 959-72. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02640410310001641368. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410310001641368.

[21] Town GP, Bradley SS. “Maximal metabolic responses of deep and shallow water running in trained runners”. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1991; 23(2): 238-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2017021. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199102000-00015.

[22] Butts NK, Tucker M, Smith R. “Maximal responses to treadmill and deep water running in high school female cross country runners”. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1991; 62(2): 236-9. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02701367.1991.10608716. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1991.10608716.

[23] Frangolias DD, Rhodes EC. “Maximal and ventilatory threshold responses to treadmill and water immersion running”. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 1995; 27(7): 1007-13. http://journals.lww.com/00005768-199507000-00009. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199507000-00009.

[24] Svedenhag J, Seger J. “Running on land and in water: comparative exercise physiology”. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1992; 24(10): 1155-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1435164. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199210000-00014.

[25] Nakanishi Y, Kimura T, Yokoo Y. Physiological responses to maximal treadmill and deep water running in the young and the middle aged males”. Appl Hum Sci J Physiol Anthropol. 1999; 18(3): 81-6. http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ahs/18/3/18_3_81/_article. https://doi.org/10.2114/jpa.18.81.

[26] di Prampero P. “The energy cost of human locomotion on land and in water”. Int J Sports Med. 1986; 07(02): 55-72. http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-2008-1025736. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1025736.

[27] Toubekis AG, Tsami AP, Tokmakidis SP. “Critical velocity and lactate threshold in young swimmers”. Int J Sports Med. 2006; 27(2): 117-23. http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-2005-837487. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-837487.

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Volume 14, Issue 2July 2022Pages 141-150

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Volume 14, Issue 2
July 2022
Pages 141-150