The best therapeutic exercise methods based on age, Cobb and trunk rotation angles in children and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A systematic review

Khaledi, Arash; Gheitasi, Mehdi; Akoochakian, Mahdieh; Bayattork, Mohamad

doi:10.22059/sshr.2021.85466

The best therapeutic exercise methods based on age, Cobb and trunk rotation angles in children and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A systematic review

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

¹ Department of Sport Science, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Kish, Iran.

² Department of Health & Sport Rehabilitation, Faculty of Sport Science & Health, University of Shahid Beheshti, Tehran, Iran.

³ Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Faculty of Humanities Science, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran.

10.22059/sshr.2021.85466

Abstract

Background: The promising results of idiopathic scoliosis for children and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis found in low-quality in review of literature in Iran.
Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of various types of exercises to improve idiopathic scoliosis in terms of reducing Cobb angle and angle of trunk rotation (ATR) in different ages of children and adolescents.
Materials and Methods: Searches were conducted in databases including Cochrane, PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar during 2005-2021. Inclusion criteria were papers using only corrective exercises (CE) or CEs with braces as an intervention. The PEDro scale was used for evaluating the quality of papers.
Results: Thirteen papers were licensed for review. The papers (PEDro: 4-9) showed the positive effect of the CEs in reducing Cobb angle (eleven papers) and ATR (eight papers) greater than 5° and 3°, respectively. Moreover, two papers (PEDro: 4-7) showed that the physiotherapy scoliosis specific exercises (PSSE) were more effective than the general exercises (GE), while no paper was found to compare one PSSE to another. Two papers (PEDro: 6-9) indicated the greater effectiveness of CEs in childhood than adolescence.
Conclusion: The relative evidence suggested the effect of CEs on improving idiopathic scoliosis, especially in children. However, it seems that the use of SEAS and Schroth methods, depending on the individual nature, can be more effective. High-quality papers are necessary to achieve more accurate results in the future.

Keywords

References

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[21] Gheitasi M, Bayattork M, Mahdavi SM. "Effect of a long-term corrective exercises with using brace on Cobb angle and postural control of a girl with adolescence idiopathic scoliosis. Physical Treatments-Specific Physical Therapy Journal. 2019; 9(1): 59-68. doi: 10.32598/PTJ.9.1.59.

[22] Gheitasi M, Pasandideh Z, Lordgouie M, Samavi M, Allafan N. "Effect of eight-weeks pilates exercises on non-structural scoliosis deformity and improve balance in female students". Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology. 2018; 13(26): 78-90. doi: 10.22080/JAEP.2017.9708.1472.

[23] Gheitasi M, Khaledi A, Daneshjoo A. "The effect of combined core stability and sensory-motor exercises on pain, performance and movement fear in retired male athletes with non-specific chronic low back pain". Anesthesiology and Pain. 2020; 11(1): 38-48.

[24] Tajani ZY, Gheitasi M, Bayattork M, Andersen LL. "Online supervised versus workplace corrective exercises for upper crossed syndrome: A protocol for a randomized controlled trial". Physical Treatments. 2021; 12(1): 51-60. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-408271/v1.

[25] Mousavi SH, Minoonejad H, Rajabi R, Seidi F. "Follow-up comparison of the effect of eight-weeks corrective exercises with and without myofascial release on postural kyphosis deformity". Journal of Exercise Science and Medicine. 2019; 11(1): 1-12. doi: 10.32598/JESM.11.1.1.

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[28] Kim MJ, Park DS. "The effect of Schroth's three-dimensional exercises in combination with respiratory muscle exercise on Cobb's angle and pulmonary function in patients with idiopathic scoliosis". Physical therapy Rehabilitation Science. 2017; 6(3): 113-119. doi: 10.14474/ptrs.2017.6.3.113.

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[31] de Morton NA, "The PEDro scale is a valid measure of the methodological quality of clinical trials: a demographic study". Australian Journal of Physiotherapy. 2009; 55(2): 129-133. doi: 10.1016/s0004-9514(09)70043-1. PMID: 19463084.

[32] Maher CG, Sherrington C, Herbert RD, Moseley AM, Elkins M. "Reliability of the PEDro scale for rating quality of randomized controlled trials". Physical Therapy. 2003; 83(8): 713-721. doi: 10.1093/ptj/83.8.713. PMID: 12882612.

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[34] Van Tulder M, Furlan A, Bombardier C, Bouter L. "Updated method guidelines for systematic reviews in the cochrane collaboration back review group". Spine. 2003; 28(12): 1290-1299. doi: 10.1097/01.BRS.0000065484.95996.AF.

[35] Negrini S, Zaina F, Romano M, Negrini A, Parzini S. "Specific exercises reduce brace prescription in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a prospective controlled cohort study with worst-case analysis". Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2008; 40(6): 451-455. doi: 10.2340/16501977-0195. PMID: 18509560.

[36] Otman S, Kose N, Yakut Y. "The efficacy of Schroth’s 3-dimensional exercise therapy in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in Turkey". Neurosciences Journal. 2005; 10(4): 277-283. doi: 10.15537/smj.2016.5.13736.PMID: 16155663.

[37] Kwan KY, Cheng AC, Koh HY, Chiu AY, Cheung KM. "Effectiveness of Schroth exercises during bracing in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: results from a preliminary study—SOSORT Award 2017 Winner". Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders. 2017; 12(1): 1-7. doi: 10.1186/s13013-017-0139-6. PMID: 29051921 PMCID: PMC5641990.

[38] Białek M. "Conservative treatment of idiopathic scoliosis according to FITS concept: presentation of the method and preliminary, short term radiological and clinical results based on SOSORT and SRS criteria". Scoliosis. 2011; 6(1): 1-19. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-6-25.

[39] Monticone M, Ambrosini E, Cazzaniga D, Rocca B, Ferrante S. "Active self-correction and task-oriented exercises reduce spinal deformity and improve quality of life in subjects with mild adolescent idiopathic scoliosis; Results of a randomised controlled trial". European Spine Journal. 2014; 23(6): 1204-1214. doi: 10.1007/s00586-014-3241-y. PMID: 24682356.

[40] Sarkisova N, Andras LM, Yang J, Zaslow TL, Edison BR, Tolo VT, Skaggs DL. "Side plank pose exercises for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients". Global Advances in Health and Medicine. 2019; 8: 2164956119887720. doi: 10.1177/2164956119887720. PMID: 31723480. PMCID: PMC6831967.

[41] Romano M, Minozzi S, Bettany‐Saltikov J, Zaina F, Chockalingam N, Kotwicki T, Maier‐Hennes A, Negrini S. "Exercises for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a Cochrane systematic review". Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013; 38(14): E883-93. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007837.

[42] Fusco C, Zaina F, Atanasio S, Romano M, Negrini A, Negrini S. "Physical exercises in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: an updated systematic review". Physiotherapy Theory and Practice. 2011; 27(1): 80-114. doi: 10.3109/09593985.2010.533342. PMID: 21198407.

[43] Anwer S, Alghadir A, Shaphe A, Anwar D. "Effects of exercise on spinal deformities and quality of life in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis". BioMed Research International. 2015. PMID: 26583083. PMCID: PMC4637024. doi: 10.1155/2015/123848.

[44] Stokes IA, Spence H, Aronsson DD, Kilmer N. "Mechanical modulation of vertebral body growth: implications for scoliosis progression". Spine. 1996; 21(10): 1162-1167. doi: 10.1097/00007632-199605150-00007. PMID: 8727190.

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The best therapeutic exercise methods based on age, Cobb and trunk rotation angles in children and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A systematic review

References

[2] T Turgut E, Gur G, Ayhan C, Yakut Y, Baltaci G. "Scapular kinematics in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A three-dimensional motion analysis during multiplanar humeral elevation". Journal of Biomechanics. 2017; 61: 224-231. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.07.029. PMID: 28823466.

[3] Negrini S, Donzelli S, Negrini A, Parzini S, Romano M, Zaina F. "Specific exercises reduce the need for bracing in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis: A practical clinical trial". Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 2019; 62(2): 69-76. doi: 10.1016/j.rehab.2018.07.010.

[4] Konieczny MR, Senyurt H, Krauspe R. "Epidemiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis". Journal of Children's Orthopaedics. 2013; 7(1): 3-9. doi: 10.1007/s11832-012-0457-4. PMID: 24432052 PMCID: PMC3566258.

[5] Hamad A, Ahmed EB, Tsirikos AI. "Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a comprehensive approach to aetiology, diagnostic assessment and treatment". Orthopaedics and Trauma. 2017; 31(6): 343-349. doi: 10.1016/j.mporth.2017.09.004.

[6] Longworth B, Fary R, Hopper D. "Prevalence and predictors of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in adolescent ballet dancers". Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2014; 95(9): 1725-1730. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.02.027. PMID: 24662812.

[7] Tolo VT, Herring JA. "Scoliosis-specific exercises: a state of the art review". Spine Deformity. 2020; 8(2): 149-155. DOI: 10.1007/s43390-020-00036-1.

[8] Negrini S, Donzelli S, Lusini M, Minnella S, Zaina F. "The effectiveness of combined bracing and exercise in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis based on SRS and SOSORT criteria: a prospective study". BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2014; 15(1): 1-8. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-15-263.

[9] Gheitasi M, Lordgouie M, Pasandideh Z, Samavi M, Allafan N. "Effect of eight-weeks of corrective exercises pilates on body dysmorphic metacognitive in females with non-structural scoliosis". Rahabilitation Medicine. 2019; 8(3): 221-230. doi: 10.22037/JRM.2018.111071.1738. [in Persian]

[11] Yagci G, Yakut Y. "Core stabilization exercises versus scoliosis-specific exercises in moderate idiopathic scoliosis treatment". Prosthetics and Orthotics International. 2019; 43(3): 301-308. doi: 10.1177/0309364618820144.

[14] Płaszewski M, Bettany-Saltikov J. "Non-surgical interventions for adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis: an overview of systematic reviews". PloS one. 2014; 9(10): e110254. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110254.

[16] Mordecai SC, Dabke HV. "Efficacy of exercise therapy for the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a review of the literature". European Spine Journal. 2012; 21(3): 382-389. doi: 10.1007/s00586-011-2063-4.

[17] Liu D, Yang Y, Yu X, Yang J, Xuan X, Yang J, Huang Z. "Effects of specific exercise therapy on adolescent patients with idiopathic scoliosis: A prospective controlled cohort study". Spine. 2020; 45(15): 1039. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000003451. PMCID: PMC7373466. PMID: 32675606.

[18] Laita LC, Cubillo CT, Gómez TM, Del Barrio SJ. "Effects of corrective, therapeutic exercise techniques on adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. A systematic review". Archivos Argentinos de Pediatria. 2018; 116(4): 582-9. doi: 10.5546/aap.2018.eng.e582.

[19] Negrini S, Antonini G, Carabalona R, Minozzi S. "Physical exercises as a treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. A systematic review". Pediatric Rehabilitation. 2003; 6(3-4): 227-235. doi: 10.1080/13638490310001636781.

[21] Gheitasi M, Bayattork M, Mahdavi SM. "Effect of a long-term corrective exercises with using brace on Cobb angle and postural control of a girl with adolescence idiopathic scoliosis. Physical Treatments-Specific Physical Therapy Journal. 2019; 9(1): 59-68. doi: 10.32598/PTJ.9.1.59.

[22] Gheitasi M, Pasandideh Z, Lordgouie M, Samavi M, Allafan N. "Effect of eight-weeks pilates exercises on non-structural scoliosis deformity and improve balance in female students". Journal of Applied Exercise Physiology. 2018; 13(26): 78-90. doi: 10.22080/JAEP.2017.9708.1472.

[23] Gheitasi M, Khaledi A, Daneshjoo A. "The effect of combined core stability and sensory-motor exercises on pain, performance and movement fear in retired male athletes with non-specific chronic low back pain". Anesthesiology and Pain. 2020; 11(1): 38-48.

[24] Tajani ZY, Gheitasi M, Bayattork M, Andersen LL. "Online supervised versus workplace corrective exercises for upper crossed syndrome: A protocol for a randomized controlled trial". Physical Treatments. 2021; 12(1): 51-60. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-408271/v1.

[25] Mousavi SH, Minoonejad H, Rajabi R, Seidi F. "Follow-up comparison of the effect of eight-weeks corrective exercises with and without myofascial release on postural kyphosis deformity". Journal of Exercise Science and Medicine. 2019; 11(1): 1-12. doi: 10.32598/JESM.11.1.1.

[27] Marti CL, Glassman SD, Knott PT, Carreon LY, Hresko MT. "Review of scoliosis-specific exercise methods used to correct adolescent idiopathic scoliosis". Archives of Physiotherapy. 2019; 9(1): 1-11.

[28] Kim MJ, Park DS. "The effect of Schroth's three-dimensional exercises in combination with respiratory muscle exercise on Cobb's angle and pulmonary function in patients with idiopathic scoliosis". Physical therapy Rehabilitation Science. 2017; 6(3): 113-119. doi: 10.14474/ptrs.2017.6.3.113.

[30] Fan Y, Ren Q, To MKT, Cheung JPY. "Effectiveness of scoliosis-specific exercises for alleviating adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a systematic review". BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2020; 21(1): 1-13. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-020-03517-6. PMID: 32718339. PMCID: PMC7385878.

[31] de Morton NA, "The PEDro scale is a valid measure of the methodological quality of clinical trials: a demographic study". Australian Journal of Physiotherapy. 2009; 55(2): 129-133. doi: 10.1016/s0004-9514(09)70043-1. PMID: 19463084.

[32] Maher CG, Sherrington C, Herbert RD, Moseley AM, Elkins M. "Reliability of the PEDro scale for rating quality of randomized controlled trials". Physical Therapy. 2003; 83(8): 713-721. doi: 10.1093/ptj/83.8.713. PMID: 12882612.

[33] Khaledi A, Bayattork M, Gheitasi M. "The effectiveness of exercise therapy on improving pain and functional disability in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain: A systematic review of English clinical trials". Anesthesiology and Pain. 2020; 11(2): 89-107.

[34] Van Tulder M, Furlan A, Bombardier C, Bouter L. "Updated method guidelines for systematic reviews in the cochrane collaboration back review group". Spine. 2003; 28(12): 1290-1299. doi: 10.1097/01.BRS.0000065484.95996.AF.

[36] Otman S, Kose N, Yakut Y. "The efficacy of Schroth’s 3-dimensional exercise therapy in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in Turkey". Neurosciences Journal. 2005; 10(4): 277-283. doi: 10.15537/smj.2016.5.13736.PMID: 16155663.

[38] Białek M. "Conservative treatment of idiopathic scoliosis according to FITS concept: presentation of the method and preliminary, short term radiological and clinical results based on SOSORT and SRS criteria". Scoliosis. 2011; 6(1): 1-19. doi: 10.1186/1748-7161-6-25.

[40] Sarkisova N, Andras LM, Yang J, Zaslow TL, Edison BR, Tolo VT, Skaggs DL. "Side plank pose exercises for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients". Global Advances in Health and Medicine. 2019; 8: 2164956119887720. doi: 10.1177/2164956119887720. PMID: 31723480. PMCID: PMC6831967.

[41] Romano M, Minozzi S, Bettany‐Saltikov J, Zaina F, Chockalingam N, Kotwicki T, Maier‐Hennes A, Negrini S. "Exercises for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a Cochrane systematic review". Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013; 38(14): E883-93. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007837.

[42] Fusco C, Zaina F, Atanasio S, Romano M, Negrini A, Negrini S. "Physical exercises in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: an updated systematic review". Physiotherapy Theory and Practice. 2011; 27(1): 80-114. doi: 10.3109/09593985.2010.533342. PMID: 21198407.

[43] Anwer S, Alghadir A, Shaphe A, Anwar D. "Effects of exercise on spinal deformities and quality of life in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis". BioMed Research International. 2015. PMID: 26583083. PMCID: PMC4637024. doi: 10.1155/2015/123848.

[44] Stokes IA, Spence H, Aronsson DD, Kilmer N. "Mechanical modulation of vertebral body growth: implications for scoliosis progression". Spine. 1996; 21(10): 1162-1167. doi: 10.1097/00007632-199605150-00007. PMID: 8727190.

Volume 13, Issue 2
July 2021
Pages 176-193

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The best therapeutic exercise methods based on age, Cobb and trunk rotation angles in children and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A systematic review

References

[2] T Turgut E, Gur G, Ayhan C, Yakut Y, Baltaci G. "Scapular kinematics in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A three-dimensional motion analysis during multiplanar humeral elevation". Journal of Biomechanics. 2017; 61: 224-231. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.07.029. PMID: 28823466.

[3] Negrini S, Donzelli S, Negrini A, Parzini S, Romano M, Zaina F. "Specific exercises reduce the need for bracing in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis: A practical clinical trial". Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 2019; 62(2): 69-76. doi: 10.1016/j.rehab.2018.07.010.

[4] Konieczny MR, Senyurt H, Krauspe R. "Epidemiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis". Journal of Children's Orthopaedics. 2013; 7(1): 3-9. doi: 10.1007/s11832-012-0457-4. PMID: 24432052 PMCID: PMC3566258.

[5] Hamad A, Ahmed EB, Tsirikos AI. "Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a comprehensive approach to aetiology, diagnostic assessment and treatment". Orthopaedics and Trauma. 2017; 31(6): 343-349. doi: 10.1016/j.mporth.2017.09.004.

[6] Longworth B, Fary R, Hopper D. "Prevalence and predictors of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in adolescent ballet dancers". Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2014; 95(9): 1725-1730. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.02.027. PMID: 24662812.

[7] Tolo VT, Herring JA. "Scoliosis-specific exercises: a state of the art review". Spine Deformity. 2020; 8(2): 149-155. DOI: 10.1007/s43390-020-00036-1.

[8] Negrini S, Donzelli S, Lusini M, Minnella S, Zaina F. "The effectiveness of combined bracing and exercise in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis based on SRS and SOSORT criteria: a prospective study". BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2014; 15(1): 1-8. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-15-263.

[9] Gheitasi M, Lordgouie M, Pasandideh Z, Samavi M, Allafan N. "Effect of eight-weeks of corrective exercises pilates on body dysmorphic metacognitive in females with non-structural scoliosis". Rahabilitation Medicine. 2019; 8(3): 221-230. doi: 10.22037/JRM.2018.111071.1738. [in Persian]

[11] Yagci G, Yakut Y. "Core stabilization exercises versus scoliosis-specific exercises in moderate idiopathic scoliosis treatment". Prosthetics and Orthotics International. 2019; 43(3): 301-308. doi: 10.1177/0309364618820144.

[14] Płaszewski M, Bettany-Saltikov J. "Non-surgical interventions for adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis: an overview of systematic reviews". PloS one. 2014; 9(10): e110254. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110254.

[16] Mordecai SC, Dabke HV. "Efficacy of exercise therapy for the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a review of the literature". European Spine Journal. 2012; 21(3): 382-389. doi: 10.1007/s00586-011-2063-4.

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Volume 13, Issue 2July 2021Pages 176-193

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Volume 13, Issue 2
July 2021
Pages 176-193