Sport Sciences and Health Research

Sport Sciences and Health Research

The Effect of the Height of Placement of Two Types of Backpacks on Gait Kinetic and Kinematic Parameters in Schoolchildren Aged between 8 and 11

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors
Ali Akbar Jadidian 1
elham shirzad 2
1 Lecturer, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Payame-Noor University, Tehran, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Sport Medicine and Health, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
10.22059/jsmed.2019.264749.915
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the height of placement (lower and middle) of two types of backpacks (conventional backpack and modified backpack) with 10% of body weight on the kinetic (including 1st and 2nd peak, minimum force, and loading rate) and kinematic (including cadence, step length, step width, swing and double support phases) parameters of gait in schoolchildren. 28 school boys participated in the study after their inclusion and exclusion criteria were considered. They were evaluated by Gaitway treadmill in four conditions including backpack-low, backpack-middle, modified backpack-low, and modified backpack-middle. ANOVA test with repeated measures showed that the mean of the first and second peaks of the backpack-middle was higher than other conditions and had a significant difference with the backpack-low (P<0.05). Among the backpacks, the minimum vertical force in the backpack-low was more than both modified backpack conditions (P<0.05). Given the increase in the first and second peaks of the backpack-middle compared with the backpack-low, it seems better to place the backpack in the lumbar region in terms of forces applied to the body, but this difference was not observed for the modified backpack.
Keywords
Backpack
gait
kinematic
kinetic
schoolchildren
  1. Beurskens R, Muehlbauer T, Grabow L, Kliegl R, Granacher U. Effects of Backpack Carriage on Dual-Task Performance in Children During Standing and Walking. J Mot Behav. 2016;48(6):500-8.
  2. Golriz S, Walker B. Backpacks. Several factors likely to influence design and usage: a systematic literature review. Work. 2012;42(4):519-31.
  3. Mohammadi S, Mokhtarinia H, Nejatbakhsh R, Scuffham A. Ergonomics evaluation of school bags in Tehran female primary school children. Work. 2017;56(1):175-81.
  4. Daneshmandi H, Hoseini H. Study of backpack carriage among Iranian schoolboys. sport medicine studies. 2011; 10: 13-32 {In Persian}.
  5. Adeyemi AJ, Rohani JM, Abdul Rani MR. Backpack-back pain complexity and the need for multifactorial safe weight recommendation. Appl Ergon. 2017;58:573-82.
  6. Noll M, Candotti CT, Rosa BN, Loss JF. Back pain prevalence and associated factors in children and adolescents: an epidemiological population study. Rev Saude Publica. 2016;50.
  7. Korovessis P, Koureas G, Papazisis Z. Correlation between backpack weight and way of carrying, sagittal and frontal spinal curvatures, athletic activity, and dorsal and low back pain in schoolchildren and adolescents. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2004;17(1):33-40.
  8. Zadpoor AA, Nikooyan AA. The relationship between lower-extremity stress fractures and the ground reaction force: a systematic review. Clinical biomechanics. 2011;26(1):23-8.
  9. Zurita Ortega F, Fernandez Sanchez M, Fernandez Garcia R, Jimenez Schyke CE, Zaleta Morales L. [Predictors of scoliosis in school-aged children]. Gac Med Mex. 2014;150(6):533-9.
  10. Hoseini H, Khori A, Amirian S, Siavashi M, Abdolmahdi A. Effect of backpack carriage in different wights on EMG of rectus abdominus and lumbar erector spina among schoolchildren. 2012; 59: 73-83 {In Persian}.
  11. Al-Khabbaz YS, Shimada T, Hasegawa M. The effect of backpack heaviness on trunk-lower extremity muscle activities and trunk posture. Gait Posture. 2008;28(2):297-302.
  12. Orloff HA, Rapp CM. The effects of load carriage on spinal curvature and posture. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2004;29(12):1325-9.
  13. Chow DH, Leung KT, Holmes AD. Changes in spinal curvature and proprioception of schoolboys carrying different weights of backpack. Ergonomics. 2007;50(12):2148-56.
  14. Singh T, Koh M. Effects of backpack load position on spatiotemporal parameters and trunk forward lean. Gait Posture. 2009;29(1):49-53.
  15. Knapik JJ, Reynolds KL, Harman E. Soldier load carriage: historical, physiological, biomechanical, and medical aspects. Mil Med. 2004;169(1):45-56.
  16. Sahrmann s. Diagnosis and treatment of movement impairment syndromes: Mosby; Psc edition (September 18, 2001); 2002.
  17. Lederman E. Neuromuscular Rehabilitation in Manual and Physical Therapies: Principles to Practice: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier; 2010.
  18. Hung-Kay Chow D, Kit-Fong Hin C, Ou D, Lai A. Carry-over effects of backpack carriage on trunk posture and repositioning ability. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. 2011;41(5):530-5.
  19. Orantes-Gonzalez E, Heredia-Jimenez J, Beneck GJ. Children require less gait kinematic adaptations to pull a trolley than to carry a backpack. Gait Posture. 2017;52:189-93.
  20. Mosaad DM, Abdel-Aziem AA. Backpack carriage effect on head posture and ground reaction forces in school children. Work. 2015;52(1):203-9.
  21. Dames KD, Smith JD. Effects of load carriage and footwear on lower extremity kinetics and kinematics during overground walking. Gait & Posture. 2016;50:207-11.
  22. Birrell SA, Hooper RH, Haslam RA. The effect of military load carriage on ground reaction forces. Gait Posture. 2007;26(4):611-4.
  23. Kellis E, Arampatzi F. Effects of sex and mode of carrying schoolbags on ground reaction forces and temporal characteristics of gait. Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics B. 2009;18(5):275-82.
  24. Kinoshita H. Effects of different loads and carrying systems on selected biomechanical parameters describing walking gait. Ergonomics. 1985;28(9):1347-62.
  25. Liew B, Morris S, Netto K. The Effect of Backpack Carriage on the Biomechanics of Walking: A Systematic Review and Preliminary Meta-Analysis. J Appl Biomech. 2016;32(6):614-29.
  26. Birrell SA, Haslam RA. The effect of load distribution within military load carriage systems on the kinetics of human gait. Appl Ergon. 2010;41(4):585-90.
  27. Cottalorda J, Rahmani A, Diop M, Gautheron V, Ebermeyer E, Belli A. Influence of school bag carrying on gait kinetics. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2003;12(6):357-64.
  28. Chow DH, Kwok ML, Au-Yang AC, Holmes AD, Cheng JC, Yao FY, et al. The effect of backpack load on the gait of normal adolescent girls. Ergonomics. 2005;48(6):642-56.
  29. Hong Y, Li JX, Fong DT. Effect of prolonged walking with backpack loads on trunk muscle activity and fatigue in children. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2008;18(6):990-6.
  30. Ghamari Hoveida S, Babakhani F, Anbarian M, Hajiloo B. Effect of carrying backpack with different loads on electromyography activity of selected lower limb muscles during walking in elementary school students in Hamedan city. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2016; 23 (148): 89-97 {In Persian}.
  31. Connolly BH, Cook B, Hunter S, Laughter M, Mills A, Nordtvedt N, et al. Effects of backpack carriage on gait parameters in children. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2008;20(4):347-55.
  32. England SA, Granata KP. The influence of gait speed on local dynamic stability of walking. Gait & posture. 2007;25(2):172-8.
  33. Pau M, Mandaresu S, Leban B, Nussbaum MA. Short-term effects of backpack carriage on plantar pressure and gait in schoolchildren. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2015;25(2):406-12.
  34. Knapik J, Harman E, Reynolds K. Load carriage using packs: a review of physiological, biomechanical and medical aspects. Appl Ergon. 1996;27(3):207-16.
  35. Ramadan MZ, Al-Shayea AM. A modified backpack design for male school children. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. 2013;43(5):462-71.
  36. Abdullah AM, McDonald R, Jaberzadeh S. The Effectsof Backpack Load and Placement on Postural Deviation in Healthy Students: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications. 2012;2(6):466-81.
  37. Janakiraman B, Ravichandran H, Demeke S, Fasika S. Reported influences of backpack loads on postural deviation among school children: A systematic review. J Educ Health Promot. 2017;6:41.
  38. Devroey C, Jonkers I, de Becker A, Lenaerts G, Spaepen A. Evaluation of the effect of backpack load and position during standing and walking using biomechanical, physiological and subjective measures. Ergonomics. 2007;50(5):728-42.
  39. Kim MH, Yi CH, Kwon OY, Cho SH, Yoo WG. Changes in neck muscle electromyography and forward head posture of children when carrying schoolbags. Ergonomics. 2008;51(6):890-901.
  40. Chow DH, Ou ZY, Wang XG, Lai A. Short-term effects of backpack load placement on spine deformation and repositioning error in schoolchildren. Ergonomics. 2010;53(1):56-64.
  41. Lloyd R, Cooke C. Kinetic changes associated with load carriage using two rucksack designs. Ergonomics. 2000;43(9):1331-41.
  42. Wang C, Chow D, Pope MH, editors. Biomechanical effect of LOAuD carriage on spine curvature and repositioning ability in adolescents. Proceedings of the Fifth IASTED International Conference on Biomechanics, BioMech 2007; 2007.
  43. Mackie H, Legg S. Postural and subjective responses to realistic schoolbag carriage. Ergonomics. 2008;51(2):217-31.
  44. Golriz S, Hebert JJ, Foreman KB, Walker BF. The effect of hip belt use and load placement in a backpack on postural stability and perceived exertion: a within-subjects trial. Ergonomics. 2015;58(1):140-7.
  45. Talbott NR. The effect of the weight, location and type of backpack on posture and postural stability of children. PhD Dissertation. Cincinnati: University of Cincinnati; 2005.
  46. Brackley HM, Stevenson JM, Selinger JC. Effect of backpack load placement on posture and spinal curvature in prepubescent children. Work. 2009;32(3):351-60.
  47. Grimmer K, Dansie B, Milanese S, Pirunsan U, Trott P. Adolescent standing postural response to backpack loads: a randomised controlled experimental study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2002;3:10.
  48. Yoo WG. Effects of a low-center-of-gravity backpack on the trunk stability of mountaineers while ascending and descending. J Phys Ther Sci. 2015;27(10):3259-60.
  49. Muslim K, Nussbaum MA. The effects of a simple intervention on exposures to low back pain risk factors during traditional posterior load carriage. Applied Ergonomics. 2017;59:313-9.
  50. Stansfield BW, Hillman SJ, Hazlewood ME, Lawson AM, Mann AM, Loudon IR, et al. Normalisation of gait data in children. Gait & Posture. 2003;17(1):81-7.
  51. Johnson R, Pelot R, Doan J, Stevenson J. The effect of load position on biomechanical and physiological measures during a short duration march. DALHOUSIE UNIV HALIFAX (NOVA SCOTIA); 2001.
  52. Moore MJ, White GL, Moore DL. Association of relative backpack weight with reported pain, pain sites, medical utilization, and lost school time in children and adolescents. J Sch Health. 2007;77(5):232-9.
  53. Wearing SC, Smeathers JE, Urry SR, Hennig EM, Hills AP. The pathomechanics of plantar fasciitis. Sports Medicine. 2006;36(7):585-611.
  54. Birrell SA, Haslam RA. The effect of military load carriage on 3-D lower limb kinematics and spatiotemporal parameters. Ergonomics. 2009;52(10):1298-304.

 

Sport Sciences and Health Research
Volume 10, Issue 1
June 2018
Pages 91-110