University of TehranSport Sciences and Health Research2981-020517220250701Core Muscle Endurance and Its Association with Factors Contributing to Low Back Pain Development11110602310.22059/sshr.2024.381969.1166ENSaeedehAbbasiDepartment of Sports Injury and Biomechanics, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.HoomanMinoonejadDepartment of Sports Injury and Biomechanics, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranSeyed HamedMousaviDepartment of Sports Injury and Biomechanics, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20240922<strong>Background</strong>: Low back pain (LBP) is common, especially among individuals known as pain developers (PDs), who experience discomfort during prolonged standing without a prior LBP history. Lumbar lordosis and hip abductor strength are linked to LBP development, while core muscle endurance is vital for spinal stability and could prevent LBP.<br /><strong>Aim: </strong>This study aimed to assess the relationship between core muscle endurance, pain onset during prolonged standing, hip abductor strength, and lumbar lordosis in PDs.<br /><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>Twenty-four female PDs participated, with core endurance measured via the McGill test battery, hip abductor strength assessed through the Active Hip Abduction (AHAbd) test, and lumbar curvature analyzed using photographic imaging.<br /><strong>Results: </strong>A significant positive correlation was identified between core muscle endurance and pain onset time (r = 0.46, p = 0.04). Participants with lower core endurance experienced earlier pain onset. However, no significant relationships were found between lumbar lordosis, AHAbd scores, and McGill test results, suggesting core endurance plays a crucial role in LBP prevention.<br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study underscores the importance of core muscle endurance in reducing the risk of LBP development. Strengthening core muscles may serve as a viable preventive strategy for individuals prone to LBP.<br /><br />https://sshr.ut.ac.ir/article_106023_f9be5ec3b02e7b0c1c0ef5adbad2c779.pdfUniversity of TehranSport Sciences and Health Research2981-020517220250701Aerobic Exercise Prevents Memory Deficits Induced by Electromagnetic Radiation by Altering Cholinergic Biomarkers and Amyloid Beta Levels122910611510.22059/sshr.2025.381752.1161ENMonirehEsmaeiliDepartment of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranParisaPournematiDepartment of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranFatemehShabkhizDepartment of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranMohammadrezaKordiDepartment of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20241116<strong>Background</strong>: As technology advances, concerns regarding neurobehavioral disorders, particularly memory deficits caused by electromagnetic radiation (EMR) from wireless devices such as Wi-Fi routers have increased dramatically.<br /><strong>Aim: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the impact of aerobic exercise on cholinergic biomarkers and amyloid beta (Aβ) levels in the hippocampus of male Wistar rats exposed to 2450MHz EMR emitted by Wi-Fi routers.<br /><strong>Materials and Methods: </strong>Eighteen rats were randomly divided into three groups: 'control', 'wave', and 'wave+aerobic exercise'. During four weeks, the 'wave' groups were exposed to 2450MHz EMR from Wi-Fi routers for four hours daily, seven days a week the 'wave+aerobic exercise' group also participated in a running program five days a week in addition to EMR exposure. Cognitive behavioral changes resulting from the interventions were evaluated using the Morris Water Maze (MWM) test.<br /><strong>Results: </strong>Exposure to EMR significantly decreased acetylcholine and acetylcholinesterase levels, and increased Aβ levels in the hippocampus (P<0.05). The MWM test also revealed a significant impairment in spatial memory among the exposed rats compared to the 'control' group. However, the 'wave+aerobic exercise' group exhibited a significant increase in acetylcholine and acetylcholinesterase levels, a significant reduction in Aβ levels, and demonstrated considerably better performance in the MWM test compared to the 'wave' group (P<0.05).<br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings of this study demonstrate the beneficial effects of aerobic exercise in preventing pathophysiological alterations and cognitive impairments caused by electromagnetic radiation.https://sshr.ut.ac.ir/article_106115_2fb4c882de8c7c3b910d4ef29b5b4e3e.pdfUniversity of TehranSport Sciences and Health Research2981-020517220250701The Effect of Exercise Training on the Levels of Anti-Inflammatory Factors (IL-4 and IL-10): A Meta-Analysis Study304910611410.22059/sshr.2025.388153.1178ENMohammad RahmanRahimiDepartment of Exercise Physiology, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj 66177-15175, Iran.
ORCID No: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4302-1472HassanFarajiDepartment of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Marivan Branch, Marivan, Iran.SasanKamangarDepartment of Exercise Physiology, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran.Journal Article20250105<strong>Background</strong>: Anti-inflammatory markers play a crucial role in chronic diseases.. Regular training is a valuable method to control inflammation.<br /><strong>Aim: </strong>This meta-analysis aims to explore the impact of exercise training on anti-inflammatory indicators like IL-10 and IL-4.<br /><strong>Martials and methods:</strong> Various databases, including PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Google Scholar, were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials from 2007 to 2023. Studies focusing on IL-10 and IL-4 indicators in individuals undergoing exercise training were selected. According to the study inclusion criteria, ultimately, 40 articles were finally selected as study samples for the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis was conducted using fixed and random effects models to analyze the effect sizes, taking into account factors such as age, gender, health status, type and duration of exercise, and BM..<br /><strong>Results: </strong>Aerobic training significantly increased IL-10 levels (p=0.00, 95% CI=0.267:0.723, ES=0.495), while the increase after resistance training was not significant (ES=0.295, 95% CI-0.020:0.610, p=0.067). Both aerobic training (ES=-282, 95% CI=-0.795:0.185, p=0.237) and resistance training (ES=0.227, 95% CI=-0.389:0.843, p=0.471) had no significant effect onIL-4 levels. Subgroup analysis revealed a significant increase in IL-10 associated withBMI subgroups (p=0.019), with the highest increase in BMI group 18 to 25 (p=0.001). Subgroup meta-analysis for IL-4 showed no significant differences between subgroups (p>0.05).<br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Aerobic training was associated with a significant increase in IL-10 levels in healthy and unhealthy subjects, but aerobic and resistance training had no significant effect on IL-4 levels. Further randomized controlled studies are essential, especially focusing on resistance training and different training scenarios.https://sshr.ut.ac.ir/article_106114_e6dcb6cddb17fb17b695ef4adaef12cc.pdfUniversity of TehranSport Sciences and Health Research2981-020517220250701Creating an International Place Brand through Recreational Sports (Case Study: Kish Island)507010605210.22059/sshr.2025.387227.1172ENHosseinRajabi Noush AbadiSport Management Department, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.SahebeVaziriDepartment of Sports Sciences, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Kish, IranSeyed NasrollahSajjadiDepartment of Sport Management, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranMajidJalali FarahaniDepartment of Sport Management, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20241229<strong>Background</strong>: The purpose of this research was to analyze the factors influencing the creation of an international place brand through recreational sports (the case of Kish Island).<br /><strong>Martials and Methods: </strong>The research method is qualitative (Grounded Theory of Glaser type). The statistical population included all managers and experts active in the field of recreational sports. A sufficient number of statistical samples were selected based on theoretical saturation in a purposeful and accessible manner (16 people). Research tools included systematic library study and semi-structured interview. Using content validity and kappa coefficient, the validity of the tool was evaluated. The method of coding and conceptual framing was used to analyze the findings.<br /><strong>Results: </strong>The presented analytical framework included three main parts of environmental factors, processes and consequences of creating an international place brand through recreational sports. Environmental factors included branding opportunities and location branding obstacles. The processes of creating the international brand of Kish Island included the infrastructure required for branding, providing new services, management factors, and the consequences of international branding of the place included entrepreneurship, improvement of social conditions, economic development and attachment to the place.<br /><strong>Conclusion: </strong>According to the results of the research, it can be said that the relevant authorities should understand the value of the dimensions identified in this research in order to create an international brand in touristic destinations (especially Kish Island) and implement related programs in this. Places to upgrade. Finally, from the researchers' point of view, it can be said that the present study is of great importance for Iranian managers and is a fundamental step for the development of recreational sports in creating the international brand of touristic places.https://sshr.ut.ac.ir/article_106052_29a0e78d4d522302e9bbacb8f4ebb109.pdfUniversity of TehranSport Sciences and Health Research2981-020517220250701The Effect of Aerobic exercise training on Mitochondrial Dynamics in the Muscle Tissue of Diabetic Rats516410602710.22059/sshr.2025.382235.1164ENMehdiBostaniDepartment of Physical Education, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, IranMehriFeisali MofradMasters student, Department of Physical Education, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran.Journal Article20241123<strong>Background</strong>: Dysfunction of Skeletal muscle mitochondrial is often associated with some of the metabolic diseases for instance diabetes.
<strong>Aim:</strong> the aim of this research was to study the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise training on proteins levels of MFN1, MFN2, FIS1 and Drp1 in gastrocnemius muscle of diabetic rats.
<strong>Martials and Methods:</strong> In the present study, the 20 male Wistar rats (age: 8 weeks, weight: 200±20 g) were randomly divided into four groups of Diabetic Control (DC), Diabetic Training(DT), Healthy Control (HC) and Healthy Training (HT). Induction of type-2 diabetes was done by combining of High-Fat Diet and Streptozotocin (30 mg/kg) injection . In the training groups, the aerobic exercise training program was carried out for eight weeks based on the principle of gradual overload, and the training intensity was increased from 15 m/min for 30 minutes in the first week to 25 m/min for 60 minutes in the last week. 48 hours after the last training session, the rats were unconscious, then the tissue of the gastrocnemius muscle was extracted and kept at -80 temperature. The levels of all proteins were evaluated by western blot technique. One-way ANOVA analysis with Tukey's post hoc was used for comparison of variables in between groups at a significance level of 0.05 by SPSS-23 software.
<strong>Results:</strong> Induced diabetes caused by the combination of high-fat diet and streptozotocin injection led to a significant decrease in MFN1 (P=0.001) and MFN2 (P=0.019) proteins and a significant increase in FIS1(P=0.012) and Drp1(P=0.023) proteins in the gastrocnemius muscle of diabetic rats. However, aerobic exercise training led to a significant increase in MFN1(P=0.009) and MFN2 (P=0.015) and a significant decrease in FIS1(P=0.002) and Drp1(P=0.034) proteins in the muscle of diabetic rats (P< 0.05).
<strong>Conclusion: </strong>due to the results of this study, type-2 diabetes disturbs the mitochondrial dynamics and the optimal function of skeletal muscles. On the other hand, exercise, as a beneficial and complication-free strategy has a essential role to maintenance the balance of mitochondrial dynamics and its optimal function in the diabetic skeletal muscles.https://sshr.ut.ac.ir/article_106027_714292eb97fcf51cc7a4b16c2e0af90a.pdfUniversity of TehranSport Sciences and Health Research2981-020517220250701Prevalence and Risk Factors of Low Back Pain Among Professional Male Track and Field Athletes657610603110.22059/sshr.2025.389150.1182ENSepidehLatifiDepartment of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, University of TehranSeyed MohammadHosseiniDepartment of Sport Rehabilitation and Health, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranAmirhosseinBaratiDepartment of Sport Rehabilitation and Health, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranHosseinRezaeiDepartment of Sport Rehabilitation and Health, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20250121<strong>Background</strong>: Chronic non-specific low back pain is extremely common in the general population. Athletes are often at special risk for more serious associated factors of low back pain, which are often sport-specific in their etiology.
<strong>Aim:</strong> The purpose of this study was to investigate the epidemiology and associated factors of chronic non-specific low back pain in male athletes of track and field in the national league.<strong> </strong><strong> </strong>
<strong> </strong>Materials and Methods<strong>:</strong> A total of 63 individuals were randomly selected to enter the study. The mean age of the subjects with the standard deviation was 25.2±4.5. To investigate the disability due to chronic non-specific low back pain, Oswestry questionnaire was used. For the evaluation of the pain perception, the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was employed. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square (χ²), spearman correlation and multiple linear regression at a significance level of 0.05. All statistical calculations were done using SPSS-21 software.
<strong>Results:</strong> Out of 63 subjects, 32 individuals (50.8%) had chronic non-specific low back pain. Of these, 29 subjects(46%) had low disability and 3 subjects (4.8%) had moderate disability due to low back pain. None of the participants had severeor very severedisability. Pain perception measured using the VAS, had a mean of 35.4%. The most frequent cause of Chronic non-specific low back pain in track and field athletes was high-intensity training (26.7%, n=24), followed by training and activity location (21.1%, n=19) (x<sup>2</sup>= 64.88, p=0.000). The regression analysis showed a significant relationship between high-intensity training and Chronic non-specific low back pain among the mentioned athletes (p≤0.05).<strong> </strong>
<strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results of this study shows a high epidemiology of Chronic non-specific low back pain in male track and field athletes, which requires serious attention. Additionally, high-intensity training and the location of training and activities were identified as key associated factors in Chronic non-specific low back pain.https://sshr.ut.ac.ir/article_106031_3d47b23ae75927af452c51fcb6ef4396.pdfUniversity of TehranSport Sciences and Health Research2981-020517220250701The Impact of Lateral Dominance and Gender on Fine Motor Skill Performance: An Analysis Based on Ipsilateralness and Contralateralness778810604010.22059/sshr.2025.381339.1157ENUsefGarmanjaniDepartment of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.0000-0003-1288-3202GholamhoseinNazemzadeganDepartment of Motor Behavior, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.TahereManouchehriDepartment of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.FatemehOmidvaryDepartment of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, IranJournal Article20240823This study aimed to investigate the impact of lateral dominance (ipsilateral vs. contralateral) and gender on fine motor skill performance in adolescents. Conducted during the 2021-2022 academic year in Shiraz, the experimental study involved 383 adolescents aged 16 to 18, selected due to COVID-19 conditions. The Edinburgh Handedness Questionnaire assessed hand dominance, the Hole-in-the-Card test identified the dominant eye, and the Grooved Pegboard test evaluated fine motor skills.<br /><br /><br /><br />Results from the analysis of variance revealed that in the ipsilateral group (dominant eye = dominant hand), there was no significant gender difference (p > 0.05). Conversely, in the contralateral group (dominant eye ≠ dominant hand), females outperformed males across all variables (p < 0.05), with significant differences noted in right-hand time (p = 0.001), left-hand time (p = 0.028), and overall score (p = 0.003).<br /><br /><br /><br />In conclusion, gender and lateral dominance significantly influence fine motor skill performance, suggesting that educational and training programs for adolescents should consider these factors to enhance motor skills effectively.https://sshr.ut.ac.ir/article_106040_cced97e723862969375d7af83a7eb13c.pdfUniversity of TehranSport Sciences and Health Research2981-020517220250701Physiological and Perceptual Effects of Face Masks in Children: A Study on Exercise Intensity and Mask Types8910110605310.22059/sshr.2025.389090.1181ENAkramJafariDepartment of physical education and sport sciences, shahrekord branch, islamic azad university, shahrekord, iranLalehSalimDepartment of physical education and sport sciences, shahrekord branch, islamic azad university, shahrekord, iranJournal Article20250120Face masks are crucial for preventing respiratory diseases; however, limited research has examined their specific effects on children’s exercise performance, particularly in terms of physiological and perceptual responses at different exercise intensities.<br /><br />Aim: This study examines the effects of N-95 and surgical masks on children’s physiological and perceptual responses during exercise at varying intensities.<br /><br />Martials and Methods: Twenty healthy children (age, 11.23 ± 0.59 years) performed in three 6-minute phases of a treadmill protocol at 25%, 50%, and 75% of maximal oxygen uptake, while wearing an N-95 mask, a surgical mask, or no mask. Physiological measurements (heart rate, blood lactate, oxygen saturation) and perceptual measurements (rate of perceived exertion, discomfort) were assessed. <br /><br />Results: HR, PRE, and BLa increased with intensity (p ≥ 0.001), with N-95 masks showing the highest HR and BLa compared to surgical masks and no masks at high intensity. SpO2 decreased significantly with N-95 masks at moderate (p=0.018) and high intensities (p=0.008). Discomfort, especially in breath resistance and fatigue, was greater with N-95 masks. <br /><br /><br /><br />Conclusion: Face masks, particularly N-95, significantly increase cardiovascular and metabolic demands during exercise, especially at higher intensities. Balancing respiratory protection with comfort is essential for safe exercise in children during public health criseshttps://sshr.ut.ac.ir/article_106053_b28e268496327ccd54d5f56e39f964ae.pdfUniversity of TehranSport Sciences and Health Research2981-020517220250701Investigating the mediating role of customer relationship management in the relationship between customer knowledge management and consumerism among members of NPSCs10212710605510.22059/sshr.2025.387840.1175ENHouriyheDehghanporiDepartment of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood Iran.NahidDarooghe ArefiDepartment of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood IranJournal Article20241229Given that the threats of consumerist attitudes are felt among Nonprofit Sport Clubs/Organizations members in Iran, the main focus of this paper is to determine how NPSCs in Iran deal with consumerist attitudes in sports. This study empirically examines whether Customer Knowledge Management affects Consumerism by considering the mediating role of Customer relationship management in NPSCs. The statistical population of the current study included consumers of NPSC in NorthWest Iran. Data collection tool was a questionnaire. Structural equation modeling was used to test the research model. The sample consisted of 141 females and 265 males. The age of the participants varied from 21 to 70 years old, with the majority falling within the 41 to 50 age bracket. The participants had been members of the club for a minimum of 11 months, the majority had been club members for more than 3 years. Findings indicate that CRM mediates the relationship between CKM and CS, and when CKM is high, CS and CRM are also high. This paper contributes to the literature on nonprofit organizations by showing the important role of CRM in the CS of NPSCs. We recommend that sports clubs rely on CKM and CRM as much as possible.https://sshr.ut.ac.ir/article_106055_80102f6d461be950364c7b5e9cbe371a.pdfUniversity of TehranSport Sciences and Health Research2981-020517220250701Impact of Corrective Exercises on Back Pain During Pregnancy and Postpartum12813510602510.22059/sshr.2025.379727.1154ENPouriaKhosraviDepartment of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University , Tehran, IranHosseinPiraniDepartment of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Maritime, Chabahar Maritime University, Chabahar, IranSarehSaeidiMaster of science corrective exersice and sport injuries of shahrekord universityKarenKhoramipourPhysical education and sport since department, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kurdistan University, Kurdistan, IranJournal Article20240806The purpose of this study is to evaluate back pain during pregnancy and the effect of eight weeks of corrective exercises on back pain in women after childbirth . For this purpose, the first 30 pregnant women Obstetricians referring to specialized gynecology and obstetrics clinics in Shahin Shahr and suburbs were randomly selected . The required tools of the research included the Quebec standard questionnaire . Two weeks after delivery , 13 subjects were in the control group and 12 were in the experimental group . For statistical analysis, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics including analysis of variance for repeated measurements and independent test were used to investigate the effect of corrective movements on postpartum back pain in control and experimental groups . The results showed that back pain increased significantly during pregnancy, and corrective exercises after childbirth can be an effective factor in reducing back pain left over from pregnancy .https://sshr.ut.ac.ir/article_106025_ff89aa842fefa89c99dbad1393d23a39.pdfUniversity of TehranSport Sciences and Health Research2981-020517220250701Development of Normative Data for the D2 Attention Test in Athletes from North and Razavi Khorasan Provinces: Differences by Gender, Age and Sport Expertise in Team and Individual Disciplines13614810603010.22059/sshr.2025.393192.1185ENMohammadrezaShahabi KasebDepartment of motor behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar. Iran.ZohrehTehrani PourDepartment of motor behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran.ZahraEstiriDepartment of motor behavior, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Science, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran.Journal Article20250412The D2 Attention Test is widely used to assess attention capacity, particularly in terms of information processing speed and concentration performance. This study aimed to establish normative data for the D2 test among athletes from both team and individual sports, considering gender, sport type, and level of expertise. The sample consisted of 177 male and female athletes aged 14 to 30 from North and Razavi Khorasan provinces. The D2 test was administered, and data were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U test via SPSS version 23. Percentile ranks were calculated for attention indices based on age, gender, sport experience, and sport type. No significant differences were found across age groups or levels of experience in processing speed, errors, or attention/focus indices (P > 0.05). However, a significant gender difference emerged in error rates (P = 0.008), with female athletes exhibiting fewer errors. Athletes in team sports demonstrated significantly higher processing speed than those in individual sports (P = 0.01).<br />These findings highlight the importance of considering both gender and sport type when interpreting attentional performance. The results underscore the need for customized cognitive training programs that account for individual differences to optimize athletes’ attentional and cognitive capabilities across sport disciplines.https://sshr.ut.ac.ir/article_106030_bd2e25a5451f75939da25a7504a4492c.pdfUniversity of TehranSport Sciences and Health Research2981-020517220250701The role of heart rate variability (HRV) in health, exercise performance, and athlete training monitoring: A systematic review14916210602910.22059/sshr.2025.394969.1192ENMohammadaminFarhaniDepartment of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, IranHamidRajabiDepartment of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.0000-0002-3276-1598SadeghAmani-ShalamzariDepartment of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.Seyed ShervinShahshahaniDepartment of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, IranJamilJafari PouresmaeiliDepartment of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, IranAzamAhmadiDepartment of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20250509This review systematically examines recent studies on the potential role of Heart Rate Variability (HRV) in physical activity, encompassing health, performance, cognitive, and physiological perspectives. Specifically, it investigates the impact of HRV monitoring methods on physical performance, fatigue, and recovery across various aspects of sports performance. A comprehensive search for primary articles and relevant scientific literature was conducted across academic databases, including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus, using keywords such as Heart Rate Variability, physical activity, health, sports physiology, and cognitive factors.<br />HRV is widely recognized as a non-invasive, practical, and valuable tool for assessing autonomic nervous system function. Due to its methodological advantages, HRV provides critical insights into fitness levels and training adaptation, optimal training intensity and volume, overtraining detection, injury risk assessment, and cognitive factors such as stress and anxiety. The reviewed literature indicates that individuals with lower baseline HRV tend to experience increased HRV levels following regular physical activity. Consequently, exercise training is directly associated with improved HRV, which in turn enhances athletic performance, mitigates overtraining risks, and reduces injury incidencehttps://sshr.ut.ac.ir/article_106029_723da2db94af0c77b5773ebe82524ba9.pdf